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Students wearing 3D glasses take a virtual tour of ancient Egypt in Peter Der Manuelian’s “Pyramid Schemes” class.

Photos by Stephanie Mitchell/Harvard Staff Photographer

Alvin Powell

Harvard Staff Writer

Digital Giza Project lets scholars virtually visit sites in Egypt and beyond, and even print them in 3D

Four thousand years ago, a member of Egypt’s elite was buried on the Giza Plateau in an elaborate stone tomb, complete with several rooms and underground chambers.

Then, in 1912, a team from Harvard University and the Museum of Fine Arts (MFA) in Boston excavated the tomb, of a type called a mastaba , and brought back with them a limestone wall from its chapel.

The wall, housed at the MFA, is inscribed with images of the deceased, an official named Akh-meret-nesut, and his family in various poses — sitting, leaning on a staff, throwing a lasso.

Today, more than a century later, Harvard doctoral student Inês Torres wants to know as much as she can about Akh-meret-nesut: who he was, what he did, and why he was buried on the Giza Plateau in the shadow of the pyramids long after pharaohs’ burials there had ceased.

But Torres faces a problem familiar to many scholars studying ancient Egypt: getting access to what she’s studying. With part of the tomb in Boston and part in Egypt, she’d have to time travel to see it intact. Other scholars may face different hurdles, but the problem is the same: Documents and images are held in faraway archives, artifacts and other relics of ancient Egypt have been dispersed, stolen, or destroyed, and tombs and monuments have been dismantled, weather-worn, or locked away behind passages filled in when an excavation closes.

Hurdles can also be economic: The object of study may be intact, but the plane fare and expenses of living for weeks in the field or lodged in the cities — Cairo, London, Berlin, Paris, Boston — that are home to museums with large Egyptian collections hard to come by.

It was with scholars like these in mind that Digital Giza Project was born.

The project was created in 2000 by Peter Der Manuelian , who at the time was on the curatorial staff at the MFA. A scholar of ancient Egypt, Manuelian said his initial vision was to create a digital record of the work of Harvard’s legendary Egyptology Professor and MFA curator George Reisner and the Harvard-MFA Expedition he led. The expedition was one of the major academic archaeological efforts at Giza and other sites in Egypt during the early 1900s.

Reisner, who led the expedition for more than 40 years, dug at 23 sites, and Manuelian soon realized that just digitizing material relating to the vast finds on the Giza Plateau — which includes not only the pyramids and the Sphinx, but also associated temples, nearby cemeteries, and even a workers’ village — would be a career-long challenge. In 2010, he moved to Harvard to become the Philip J. King Professor of Egyptology and director of the Harvard Semitic Museum , and he brought the Giza Project with him.

The project staff’s ambition has since expanded to include not just Reisner’s work at Giza, but that of other archaeologists at the site as well, making it a comprehensive resource for Giza archaeology. It contains some 77,000 images, 21,000 of them Harvard University-MFA Expedition glass-plate negatives, and 10,000 of Manuelian’s own images. It has published manuscripts as well as unpublished expedition records, dig diaries, object record books, and sketches and drawings made by the archaeologists doing the digging. In January, during Harvard’s winter recess, Manuelian visited Egypt and collected another 5,000 digital images — including panoramic photos — of Giza and related objects in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

A key feature of the Giza Project is the fact that the material it holds is cross-referenced online, allowing a researcher to seamlessly move from a 3D image of an object to scholarly articles about it to diary pages by the archaeologist who discovered it.

“For people who focus on this particular period, this is the main resource for them to go to,” Manuelian said. “It’s thrown the doors wide open to this material that was previously only in the publications that Reisner lived long enough to finish.”

As the work has advanced, so has technology. Manuelian’s vision has expanded to include 3D re-creations of statues and artifacts that allow researchers to view them online, rotate them, and zoom in on specific features. Looking to the future, he said, 3D models’ source codes could be made available, which would allow distant scholars with access to 3D printers to create their own physical models.

“All of this allows us to ask new questions and to put the data together in ways not possible before and to make intelligent links,” Manuelian said. “If someone gets a grant and decides to go to the MFA and look through their records, good luck. There’s just so much, it’s overwhelming. If you go to Giza today, a tomb may have been reburied or vandalized, or is in not as good shape as it was in 1916. Objects might have gone to the basement of the Cairo museum, never to be seen again.

“With our attempt to put this all together digitally, with diaries and maps and plans and things, it allows you, first of all, convenient access to the data and then you can start to notice patterns.”

The Giza Projects’ 3D modeling extends beyond artifacts to locations. Manuelian’s team has already created video-game-like 3D versions of the entire Giza Plateau, with the Khafre pyramid, the Sphinx, and several temples and tombs posted so far and more to come. Those models can be accessed from the Digital Giza website and toured using controls on a laptop or desktop computer. Other re-creations, using high-resolution photographs of tombs’ interiors, let visitors walk through virtual burial chambers using stereo headsets. Visitors can move around inside the tombs and even walk up to a wall to examine a particular relief or other detail. About 20 tombs have been modeled in detail so far, with hundreds more to go.

“My hope is eventually to fly drones over the site, documenting everything from the air,” Manuelian said. “And complementing that with walks up and down the ‘streets’ [between rows of tombs] creating 360-degree panoramic visualizations, all linked to the more-traditional archaeological data that we have already assembled.”

For someone like Torres, studying a tomb that has one room in Boston and the rest in Egypt, a virtual model is the only way to see the intact structure, so she’s planning on creating one as part of her doctoral work.

“This tomb is divided between two countries,” she said. “3D modeling is the only way we can put it back together again.”

The overarching goal, Manuelian said, is to make scholarship in Egyptology more accessible than ever. And, while digital images may not fully replace the real thing, he said, foundational study can be conducted using the wide array of material presented by the project, allowing scholars to conserve scarce resources for when they’re essential.

The project’s 3D re-creations and data visualizations, together with the capabilities of the Harvard Visualization Center, also allow the Giza Project to give students a unique educational experience. Last fall, Manuelian gathered his students in a tomb in cyber space, using the center’s virtual reality headsets, and linked the class to students in Zhejiang University in China. Students’ avatars gathered at the virtual site — in this case, the Sphinx — with the technology, allowing Manuelian to act as a cyber tour guide.

“The project is all of these diverse approaches,” Manuelian said. “It’s a traditional database and website. It’s the intelligent linking of this photo to that tomb to this diary page. It’s the 3D modeling as we try to build more and more of the necropolis all the time. And it’s ultimately intended to enable the kind of remote teaching — what I call educational telepresence — where we can all be at Giza virtually and visiting the site and having a lecture inside a decorated tomb chapel no matter where you live.”

Torres said there is an irony to studying Giza: It is one of the world’s most famous archaeological sites, but in many ways it is still unknown. While the pyramids and Sphinx are world-famous, and have been for centuries, in their shadow new tombs are still being uncovered, while known tombs, workers’ houses, and other sites are yet to be fully explored and studied.

“Giza is such a well-known site, but in some sense, it’s understudied,” Torres said. “Because the pyramids are so amazing, the things all around them fade.”

With so much work to be done, the access to digitized documents and materials might inspire scholars curious about ancient Egypt but without access to the sites themselves or a major Egyptological library to take up the job.

“I think that’s the way to go forward, to make sure everyone has access,” Torres said. “Possibly there are geniuses who don’t have a great library and could do something wonderful with the information.”

Another graduate student, Hilo Sugita, plans to study the sarcophagi found at Giza. Using the Giza Project’s data, she can examine photographs of inscriptions, find their original locations within tombs, and even create 3D models.

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“We have photographs, journals, glass negatives, letters, artifacts, publications,” Sugita said. “I think the Digital Giza Project is amazing because we’re trying to collect all the data about Giza everywhere and make it available on the website. You don’t have to go to the MFA, you don’t have to travel to Berlin.”

Technology’s advance is not without challenges, however. The digitization of archaeology, Manuelian said, is something like “the Wild West,” with competing file formats and uncertainty about how the growing data troves will be translated into next-generation software.

In addition, standards for what goes into a 3D re-creation are loose. Should a digital model reflect the state of a tomb as it was found, for example, or is it OK to color in reliefs on the walls to match paint residue found there? How far should digital re-creations go in filling in missing details, some of which are backed by scholarship, but others of which are more speculative, driven by knowledge of common practice rather than evidence at that specific site?

Early in the spring term, Manuelian gave students in his Gen Ed “Pyramid Schemes” class, which provides an overview of ancient Egypt, a glimpse of Giza using Giza Project models. The students visited the Harvard Visualization Center’s home on the second floor of the Geological Museum building, which is equipped with a curved floor-to-ceiling screen occupying one full wall and a suite of 3D and virtual reality tools.

He gave them a tour of both the technology — which can depict sites in detail — and the archaeology, showing them three-dimensional re-creations viewed with 3D glasses and letting them walk through a tomb via a virtual-reality headset.

Manuelian also encouraged students to not only soak up the experience, but to think about the challenges inherent in such an approach, where it might further education and scholarship, and what its shortcomings might be. And, with so much work still to do, he also made a pitch.

“This is a project that is waiting for people like you,” he said.

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Home → Science → Archaeology

You can now visit the Great Pyramid in Egypt from the comfort of your home

A digitized tour lets you visit the thousands-year-old chambers from your living room.

The Great Pyramid of Giza (or the Pyramid of Kheops) in Egypt is one of the seven wonders of the world, and the only one still standing today, despite being erected over 4,500 years ago. The pyramid draws in some 14 million tourists every year, but for those who can’t visit it in person, I’ve got some good news: you can now visit it from the comfort of your home.

Scientists at Harvard have been working on digitizing aspects of the pyramid for quite some time. You can explore various reconstruction videos of the pyramid , see 3D models of it , and go through a number of different resources on what the pyramid looked like and how it looks now, as well as several other nearby archaeological elements .

Many of these resources have been online for years, but the university is constantly adding new elements to it.

The Giza Project, a non-profit international initiative based at Harvard University, also assembles information about the archaeological activity at the Giza Pyramids and surrounding cemeteries and settlements. The project integrates diverse types of information and then uses digital archaeology to recreate the environment at the pyramid during its heyday.

The pyramid stands on a square base with a side of 230 m (754 feet). It was about 150 meters high (492 feet), and now it’s a bit smaller due to erosion.

But now, in addition to exploring the plateau and the outside of the pyramid, you can also step inside and see what a visit in the Pyramid of Kheops would look like by using this link .

You have multiple ways of exploring the pyramid. You can go through a guided, museum-like tour where the platform provides information about the area you’re in and its history, or simply move around at your own pace like in a computer game. You can go up and down stairs and platforms and explore the pyramid as you prefer. You can also alternate between the two.

Some of the corridors can be pretty long and you can get a little bit lost down them, so don’t hesitate to switch to the guided tour if that happens. It’s also a nice added bonus to get explanations for what you’re seeing around.

Ultimately, initiatives like this can make archaeology more accessible to the general public and can even help researchers and students get a better view of the objects they’re studying. It also makes for a fun afternoon of exploration.

If you want to get more into the pyramids and the surrounding areas, Harvard also has a course you can follow online for free (the certificate of completion is not free, though).

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Nicole Legnani

• # david hopkins
• # giza project
• # jeremy kisala
• # museum of fine arts
• # peter der manuelian
• # rachel aronin
• # virtual reality

Bringing the Giza Pyramids to Life

3D or not 3D? That is the question. Egyptologists and digital artists discuss the advantages of navigating on screen through archaeological sites in 2D, versus donning 3D glasses for an even more immersive experience. Using 3D computer animation and digital artistry to reconstruct the ancient Egyptian site of Giza, arguably the most famous archaeological site in the world, the Giza Project at Harvard is bringing the site back to life on screen. This is happening at Harvard’s Visualization Center, located in the Geological Museum. Project staff, along with partners at Dassault Systèmes in Paris, are making it possible for students and researchers alike to become “participant observers” in the burial rites carried out by avatars of ancient Egyptians, and to experience the ancient landscape and monuments in real-time as never before. Both amateurs and experts enjoy the benefits of travel in time and space, the results of a collective and ongoing effort of the team, under the direction of Peter Der Manuelian, Philip J. King Professor of Egyptology and Founding Director of the Giza Archives Project at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. From 2000 to 2011, the Project at the MFA was benefited from more than $3 million in support from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Part of the beauty (both artistic and scholarly) of the team’s forays into ancient Egypt is the excitement the 3D Giza site can encourage among its viewers, from amateurs to visiting Egyptologists of international renown. Beyond visitors’ initial (overwhelmingly positive) reactions, the Giza team members are gathering detailed feedback from scholars to improve the interface and experience. The Giza model also allows us to pose new research questions and new ways of viewing the site, both from above and below ground that were previously impossible.

Egyptologists Nicholas Picardo and Rachel Aronin, Giza Project Research Associates, work closely with the team´s technical artists, Rus Gant and David Hopkins, to ensure that all the structures and objects from the Giza Pyramids, temples and tombs are represented as accurately as possible on the Giza 3D model. They are updating and cross-referencing data from more than a century’s worth of maps, photos, expedition diaries, objects and other materials of the groundbreaking excavations led by George A. Reisner (class of 1889) for the joint Harvard University–Boston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition (1905–1947). Current excavation data are also being incorporated, as are Giza materials from a consortium of international collaborative partners from institutions in Berkeley, Berlin, Cairo, Philadelphia, Hildesheim, Leipzig, Turin, and Vienna.

Avatar of George A. Reisner (1867–1942), Harvard’s first Professor of Egyptology, standing in a Giza tomb chapel. Still image from 3D animation. Image courtesy of Dassault Systèmes, Paris.

But what is an accurate digital representation for a tomb that is more than four thousand years old? Hopkins and Gant note that where a damaged column of hieroglyphs appears on the tomb chapel wall of Queen Meresankh, colleagues Aronin and Picardo could theoretically reconstruct the missing signs based on Egyptological research. What, then, should be the conventions for displaying reconstructions of hieroglyphs? Manuelian dreams out loud, raising the possibility of introducing a timeline mode that would allow users to scroll from four thousand years ago to the present and back again, displaying the site in its original and current states, with many phases in between. Moreover, Manuelian raises the possibility of “crowdsourcing” selected monuments so that Egyptologists and digital artists from around the globe could get involved in populating the site with additional data at a faster pace. Gant notes that crowdsourcing was unimaginable ten years ago when the Giza work began. Today, powerful bandwidth and widespread access to the same digital tools and formats have leveled the playing field among research centers around the globe.

Digital reconstruction of the subterranean tomb chapel of Queen Meresankh (G 7530-7540), discovered by the Harvard University–Boston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition in 1927. Image courtesy of the Giza Project.

The research possibilities for the Giza 3D model have also increased dramatically. “We have now come to the point where we are no longer just using research in order to build a visual model,” adds Picardo, “but we are also reversing the process, taking the model and using it for research.” This is the “future of digital archaeology,” he contends, noting that it is “a pioneering effort in the field of Egyptology.” Already, images from the reconstructed models of selected Giza tombs grace Manuelian’s scholarly publications, including, most recently, Mastabas of Nucleus Cemetery G 2100. Manuelian and Gant also envision expanding accessibility to an even larger public, making the work available to visitors on the Giza Plateau itself, and in the forthcoming Grand Egyptian Museum, scheduled for completion a few years from now, as well as in museums at Harvard and elsewhere.

A museum visitor experiences the immersive environment of the Giza Plateau. Photo courtesy of the Giza Project.

The Giza Archives and Giza3D visualizations are at an exciting juncture in research, development and dissemination, with possibilities applicable to HarvardX and EdX as well. Aronin smiles as she acknowledges the Sisyphean task at hand; though the current crop of team members may not be able to render the entire repertoire of the Giza Plateau’s temples, tombs and artifacts in 3D, they will nevertheless set the stage for the next generation of scholars to come.

Check it out: http://www.gizapyramids.org http://giza3d.3ds.com

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Harvard, MFA Unveil Virtual 3D Tour Of Ancient Egyptian Pyramids

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• Lynn Jolicoeur

3D has become all the rage in movies and computer games, but the technology isn't just for entertainment. Researchers at Harvard University and the Museum of Fine Arts are turning it into a learning tool, too. Beginning Tuesday, they're offering you a free 3D virtual tour of the ancient pyramids of Egypt.

"I don't play video games," Peter Der Manuelian said with a laugh. "This is as close as I'll ever come, but it's great fun."

Manuelian is one of the brains behind this project, called Giza 3D. He's been fascinated by ancient Egypt ever since fourth-grade history, and he eventually turned that childhood fascination into a profession: he's Harvard's full-time Egyptologist. In a classroom with a curved floor-to-ceiling screen, he gave me some fancy battery-operated 3-D glasses.

"So put the glasses on, and then push the button," he instructed, "and if the image gets a little darker, you'll know that things are working."

And with that, I get a taste of what anyone with an Internet connection and 3D TV will soon be able to experience.

"So what we're seeing, then, is the Great Pyramid and its temples and long causeway, and the sun is going down to the west," Manuelian said.

It's an animated computer rendering of the Giza Plateau, home to the famous pyramids near modern-day Cairo. Manuelian leads our tour with a device that's a cross between a joystick and a mouse.

"I can steer anywhere I want to go," he explained. "So it's not a linear movie or a frozen video, where I start at the beginning and go to the end. We can dive down a burial shaft, we can visit the pyramid."

We start by flying over the whole complex, getting a bird's-eye view. Then we swoop down into a courtyard to see an ancient Egyptian burial ceremony. Suddenly, with a flick of the joystick, we plunge into a long shaft that leads to a burial chamber.

"And I'm going to drive with my mouse and I'll try not to crash into the walls," Manuelian pledged. "And I'll take you down, all the way to the bottom. I hope no one feels seasick!"

It is a little dizzying, and it's all very whiz-bang. But Harvard and the MFA insist this has an educational purpose, too: it's linked to the Giza Archive Project, a massive digital database of materials gathered during a decades-long joint Harvard-MFA expedition of the Giza Plateau. So you can click on anything you come across — say, a tomb — and immediately access all that digitized information.

"Lists of statues, ceramics, objects of daily life from that tomb, references to scholarly publications, maps and plans, old photographs, even unpublished manuscripts," Manuelian reeled off.

This kind of "edu-tourism" has the potential to bring ancient Egypt to the masses, he said. A French software company with U.S. headquarters in Waltham, Dassault Systemes, is behind this technology. One of its vice presidents, Mehdi Tayoubi, called the Giza 3D project the "democratization" of a high-tech tool.

"When a student is here, it's like he's in Giza traveling with Peter as a guide," Tayoubi said. "But back at home, he's able to connect online and to do the travel by himself and to look at some details not raised by Peter during his course," Tayoubi said.

And when Giza 3D goes public Tuesday, you might be able to pay a virtual visit to ancient Egypt, too.

The site will go live early Tuesday morning.

This program aired on May 7, 2012.

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Harvard’s Digital Giza Project Lets You Access the Largest Online Archive on the Egyptian Pyramids (Including a 3D Giza Tour)

in Harvard , History , K-12 , Libraries | April 13th, 2021 Leave a Comment

Noth­ing excites the imag­i­na­tion of young his­to­ry-and-sci­ence-mind­ed kids like the Egypt­ian pyra­mids, which is maybe why so many peo­ple grow up into ama­teur Egyp­tol­o­gists with very strong opin­ions about the pyra­mids. For such peo­ple, access to the high­est qual­i­ty infor­ma­tion seems crit­i­cal for their online debates. For pro­fes­sion­al aca­d­e­mics and seri­ous stu­dents of ancient Egypt such access is crit­i­cal to doing their work prop­er­ly. All lovers and stu­dents of ancient Egypt will find what they need, freely avail­able, at Har­vard University’s Dig­i­tal Giza Project .

“Chil­dren and spe­cial­ized schol­ars alike may study the mate­r­i­al cul­ture of this ancient civ­i­liza­tion from afar,” Harvard’s Meta­l­ab writes, “often with greater access than could be achieved in per­son.” The project opened at Har­vard in 2011 after spend­ing its first eleven years at the Muse­um of Fine Arts, Boston with the goal of “dig­i­tiz­ing and post­ing for free online all of the archae­o­log­i­cal doc­u­men­ta­tion from the Har­vard University—Boston Muse­um of Fine Arts Expe­di­tion to Giza, Egypt (about 1904–1947),” notes the about page .

The Dig­i­tal Giza Project was born from a need to cen­tral­ize research and arti­facts that have been scat­tered all over the globe. “Doc­u­ments and images are held in far­away archives,” the Har­vard Gazette points out, “arti­facts and oth­er relics of ancient Egypt have been dis­persed, stolen, or destroyed, and tombs and mon­u­ments have been dis­man­tled, weath­er-worn, or locked away behind pas­sages filled in when an exca­va­tion clos­es.” Oth­er obsta­cles to research include the expense of trav­el and, more recent­ly, the impos­si­bil­i­ty of vis­it­ing far-off sites.

Expand­ing far beyond the scope of the orig­i­nal expe­di­tions, the project has part­nered with “many oth­er insti­tu­tions around the world with Giza-relat­ed col­lec­tions” to com­pile its search­able library of down­load­able PDF books and jour­nal arti­cles. Kids, adult enthu­si­asts, and spe­cial­ists will all appre­ci­ate Giza 3D , a recon­struc­tion with guid­ed tours of all the major arche­o­log­i­cal sites at the pyra­mids, from tombs to tem­ples to the Great Sphinx, as well as links to images and arche­o­log­i­cal details about each of the var­i­ous finds with­in.

For a pre­view of the mul­ti­me­dia expe­ri­ence on offer at the Dig­i­tal Giza Project , see the videos here from project’s YouTube chan­nel. Each short video pro­vides a wealth of infor­ma­tion; young learn­ers and those just get­ting start­ed in their Egyp­tol­ogy stud­ies can find lessons, glos­saries, an overview of the peo­ple and places of Giza, and more at the Giza @ School page. What­ev­er your age, occu­pa­tion, or lev­el of com­mit­ment, if you’re inter­est­ed in learn­ing more about the pyra­mids at Giza, you need to book­mark Dig­i­tal Giza . Start here .

Relat­ed Con­tent: 

Who Built the Egypt­ian Pyra­mids & How Did They Do It?: New Arche­o­log­i­cal Evi­dence Busts Ancient Myths

A 3,000-Year-Old Painter’s Palette from Ancient Egypt, with Traces of the Orig­i­nal Col­ors Still In It

What Ancient Egypt­ian Sound­ed Like & How We Know It

Josh Jones  is a writer and musi­cian based in Durham, NC. Fol­low him at  @jdmagness

by Josh Jones | Permalink | Comments (0) |

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Giza 3D: Harvard's Journey to Ancient Egypt

Harvard University brings the Giza Plateau to life. Watch to learn more about their Giza 3D project, the Harvard Semitics Museum, and virtual reality technology of the future.

Visit the Great Pyramids of Giza from Home

Generally speaking, traveling sits on the top of most people’s bucket lists. But during the pandemic, many of us haven’t traveled beyond our mailboxes or the grocery store. Trips to the Ghibli Museum and the Eiffel Tower may be off the table for now, but the internet is full of exciting resources that help us see the world from our homes . And even learn a thing or two in the process. Take the Digital Giza Project at Harvard University, for example. From the comfort of our living rooms, we can read about the Great Pyramids of Giza—and even go on 3D tours.

The project, which first opened at Harvard in 2011, purports to have “the largest collection of information, media, and research materials ever assembled about the Pyramids and related sites on Egypt’s Giza Plateau.” (We first heard about it from DesignTAXI . ) Project Giza is a treasure trove of Giza-related materials. It features archival materials, archeological records, and collections from partner institutions all over the world.

But likely the most exciting part is Giza 3D, digital recreations of several sites in the Giza Plateau, including Khufu Pyramid , the Great Sphinx and the Sphinx Temple , Tomb of Queen Meresankh III , to name just a few.

The project created the digital renderings using the archival records. They aim to replicate how the monuments and landmarks would have looked in Ancient Egypt . And, thus far, they’ve completed 20 thus far, although there are still “many hundreds” left to digitize.

Sam Valadi/Flickr

For those who want to dig deeper into the world of ancient Egypt and the Giza Plateau, the project features a library of Giza-focused publications , including books, articles, bulletins, and so much more. Plus, there’s even a section designed for teachers and students. Giza @ School features materials and resources for students learning all about Ancient Egypt and the famous sites at Giza. Now we can visit Giza and dive into Ancient Egypt, even if we’re unable to go in person.

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Egyptian Tomb 3D Virtual Tours

Ancient Egypt is fascinating, the fact that their incredible construction feats are still around today and archeologists are still making new discoveries, over 5,000 years later, it’s amazing.

Fuel your imagination and get your history buzz on with these incredible interactive 3D virtual tours of these historic Ancient Egyptian monuments.

TOMB ONE: Queen Meresankh III

This fascinating tomb was discovered by George Reisner in 1927. “Our eyes were first startled by the vivid colors of the reliefs and inscriptions around the northern part of this large chamber. None of us had ever seen anything like it.”

Meresankh III was the granddaughter of one pharaoh (Khufu, builder of the Great Pyramid) and the wife of another (Khafre, builder of the Second Pyramid and the Great Sphinx). Virtual tour thanks to Egypt’s Ministry of Antiquities and the Giza Project at Harvard University.

TOMB TWO: Niankh-khnum & Khnumhotep

Khnumhotep (pronunciation: xaˈnaːmaw-ˈħatpew) and Niankhkhnum (pronunciation: nij-daˌnax-xaˈnaːmaw) were  ancient Egyptian  royal servants. They shared the title of Overseer of the  Manicurists  in the Palace of King  Nyuserre Ini , sixth  pharaoh  of the  Fifth Dynasty , reigning during the second half of the 25th century BC. Learn more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khnumhotep_and_Niankhkhnum

TOMB THREE: Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses VI Tomb

A really interesting and simple to explore 3D virtual tour of an Egyptian tomb. Being in 3D it’s easy to grasp the scale of the tunnel and the tomb space at the end of the tunnel.

Ramesses VI was buried in the Valley of the Kings, in a tomb now known as KV9. For more info on Ramesses VI, Wikipedia: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_VI

TOMB FOUR: Tomb of Menna

Continuing on the Egyptian tomb theme, take a 3D virtual tour of a smaller but well preserved (Built over 3,000 years ago) ‘Tomb of Menna’. This 3D tour features information points allowing you to learn much more about the tomb and its history from within the virtual tour.

TOMB FIVE: Wahtye Tomb

Interactively explore the incredible tomb of Wahtye in Saqqara, Egypt (desert west of modern Cairo). Uncovered in 2018 and considered one of the most important archeological discoveries of the decade. The tomb belonged to a fifth dynasty high priest of ‘purification’. Learn more on National Geographic here: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2018/12/relief-statues-discovered-priest-royal-purification-tomb-saqqara-pyramid-egypt/

BONUS: Abu Simbel Temples

Interactively explore the the Abu Simbel temple. Cut from rock, this incredible historic site in the Abu Simbel village located on the western bank of Lake Nasser (Upper Egypt near the border with Sudan). This temple also featured on on the Death on the Nile feature movie and was a popular location featured in 8 movie titles . Learn more about the temple on Wikipedia here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Simbel

Keep exploring incredible 3D spaces. Check out these celebrity home 3D tours next.

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Khafre Pyramid

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Tombs and Monuments 1

Published documents 1, full bibliography.

• ID: GPH_3D_Khafre Pyramid

3D model of the Khafre Pyramid.

• ID GPH_3D_Khafre Pyramid
• Department Giza Project at Harvard
• Classification 3D Models-Sites
• Credit Line Giza Project at Harvard

• Site Name Khafre Pyramid Complex

Hölscher, Uvo. Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Chephren . Veröffentlichungen der Ernst von Sieglin Expedition in Ägypten 1. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, 1912.

Hölscher, Uvo. Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Chephren. Veröffentlichungen der Ernst von Sieglin Expedition in Ägypten 1. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, 1912.

Maragioglio, Vito, and Rinaldi, Celeste. L'Architettura delle Piramidi Menfite, Parte V: Le Piramidi di Zedefra e di Chefren. Rapallo: Tipografia Canessa, 1966, plates 5-10.

View all 46 Photos

Khafre Pyramid Complex: Site: Giza; View: Khafre Pyramid Complex

ID: HUMFA_D26A_NS

Subjects: Khafre Pyramid Complex: Site: Giza; View: Khafre pyramid

Description: Khafre pyramid, looking E from SE corner of Harvard Camp forecourt

ID: PDM_1993.099.06

Subjects: Khufu Pyramid Complex: Site: Giza; View: Khafre pyramid

Description: Khafre pyramid, detail of casing at top, looking S

ID: PDM_1993.127.32

Description: Khafre pyramid, looking SW from top of Khufu pyramid

ID: PDM_1999.200.02

Description: Khafre pyramid, looking NE

ID: PDM_00964

Subjects: Western Cemetery: Site: Giza; View: Khafre pyramid

Description: Khafre pyramid and portion of Cemetery 4000, looking S from near G 2001

ID: MFAB_AAW1110

Subjects: Khafre Pyramid Complex: Site: Giza; View: Khafre Pyramid

Description: Khafre pyramid at sunset, looking W

ID: MFAB_AAW1111

ID: MFAB_AAW1133

Description: Khafre pyramid, N side with entrances, looking S

ID: MFAB_AAW1408

Subjects: Central Field (Hassan): Site: Giza; View: Khafre Pyramid

Description: Khafre pyramid, looking NW from Central field

ID: GPH_3D_KhP_2011-08-10_wip_001

Subjects: Khafre Pyramid model: Site: Giza; View: Khafre Pyramid (model)

Description: Image capture of 3D model of the Khafre Pyramid (work in progress).

ID: GPH_3D_KhComp_2011-08-10_wip_002

Subjects: Khafre Complex model: Site: Giza; View: Khafre Complex (model)

Description: Image capture of 3D model of the Khafre Complex (work in progress).

ID: GPH_3D_KhComp_2011-08-10_wip_003

ID: GPH_3D_KhComp_2011-11-07_010_wip_001

ID: maragioglio-rinaldi_v_plate_005

Subjects: Maps and plans: Khafre Pyramid Complex, plan

Description: Plan of Khafre Pyramid Complex

ID: maragioglio-rinaldi_v_plate_006

Subjects: Maps and plans: Khafre Pyramid, plans and sections

Description: Plans and sections of Khafre Pyramid

ID: maragioglio-rinaldi_v_plate_007

Subjects: Maps and plans: Khafre Pyramid, plan and sections

Description: Plan and sections of Khafre Pyramid, upper corridor

ID: maragioglio-rinaldi_v_plate_008

Description: Plans and sections of Khafre Pyramid, lower corridor

ID: maragioglio-rinaldi_v_plate_009

Description: Plan and sections of Khafre Pyramid, lower chamber

ID: maragioglio-rinaldi_v_plate_010

Description: Plan and sections of Khafre Pyramid, burial chamber

ID: GPH_3D_KHP_2013-05-22_wip_002

Subjects: Khafre Pyramid Complex model: Site: Giza; View: Khafre Pyramid (model)

ID: GPH_3D_KHP_2013-07-08_wip_001

ID: GPH_3D_KHP_2015-07-01_wip_001

ID: GPH_3D_KHP_2017-01-10_wip_001

ID: GPH_3D_KHP_2017-01-10_wip_002

ID: GPH_3D_KHP_2017-01-10_wip_003

ID: GPH_3D_KHP_2017-01-10_wip_004

ID: GPH_3D_KHP_2017-01-10_wip_005

ID: GPH_3D_KHP_2017-01-10_wip_006

ID: GPH_3D_KHP_2013-02-25_wip_001

ID: GPH_3D_KHP_2013-02-25_wip_003

ID: GPH_3D_KHP_2013-02-25_wip_004

ID: GPH_3D_KHP_2013-02-25_wip_005

ID: GPH_3D_KHP_2013-05-03_wip_001

ID: GPH_3D_KHP_2013-05-03_wip_002

ID: GPH_3D_KHP_2013-05-03_wip_003

ID: GPH_3D_KHP_2013-05-03_wip_004

ID: GPH_3D_KHP_2013-05-10_wip_001

ID: GPH_3D_KHP_2013-05-22_wip_001

ID: GPH_3D_tx_gen_limestone_paving_001

Subjects: 3D Model Texture File: 3D model texture, generic limestone paving

ID: GPH_3D_tx_gen_stone_carved_002

Subjects: 3D Model Texture File: 3D model texture, generic carved stone

ID: GPH_3D_tx_gen_wall_mudplaster_white_002

Subjects: 3D Model Texture File: 3D model texture, generic white mudplaster

ID: GPH_3D_tx_gen_granite_001

Subjects: 3D Model Texture File: 3D model texture, generic granite

ID: GPH_3D_tx_gen_limestone_aligned_001

Subjects: 3D Model Texture File: 3D model texture, generic limestone blocks

ID: GPH_3D_tx_gen_limestone_carved_001

Subjects: 3D Model Texture File: 3D model texture, generic carved limestone

ID: GPH_3D_tx_gen_limestone_carved_004

ID: GPH_3D_tx_gen_limestone_facing_001

Subjects: 3D Model Texture File: 3D model texture, generic limestone facing

Name of this image

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Name your new collection:

• Cole Test Collection - Tomb Chapels and Shafts
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• Hello World
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• 1'2"3
• a'b"c'd"
• /..//..//..//..//..//..//..//..//..//..//..//..//..//..//../etc/passwd
• ../../../../../../../../../../../../../../../etc/passwd
• file:///etc/passwd
• /etc/passwd
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• ;type %SYSTEMROOT%\win.ini
• `/bin/cat /etc/passwd`
• Hello Worldtype %SYSTEMROOT%\win.ini
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• Hello World type %SYSTEMROOT%\win.ini
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• Hello World /bin/cat /etc/passwd
• Hello World`/bin/cat /etc/passwd`
• Hello World;type %SYSTEMROOT%\win.ini
• Tombs & Monuments
• Sphinx Complex
• 01-Present location
• Architectural element
• 02-Category
• 05-Material
• 06-Technique
• 07-State of preservation
• 08-Description
• Selected (2)

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