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The Uncharted Horizons of Ibn Hawqal, the World’s First Travel Writer

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At a time when the outlines of the known world were a mystery to many, and even the most powerful empires had no idea about the realms beyond their distant borders, the scholars of the Muslim world rose up as pioneers of exploration and geography. Ibn Hawqal, who lived in the 10th century AD, can rightfully be considered as the world’s first travel writer. Thanks to his extensive explorations and mapping, the people of the early Middle Ages had a much better knowledge about the world around them, and the cultures living in it. But how exactly was the world envisioned in the 10th century AD?

Ibn Hawqal: A Trailblazer Mapping the Unknown

Born in the town of Nisibis in Upper Mesopotamia (modern-day Nusaybin in Turkey), Muḥammad Abū’l-Qāsim Ibn Ḥawqal would leave his mark as a noted Muslim scholar. The details of his earliest life are not known, except that his birth name was Alī Ibn Ḥawqal al-Naṣībī.

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During his lifetime, all great empires and countries had only a vague notion about the outlines of the world around them and maps were pretty much nonexistent. While it was generally understood that there were odd cultures existing abroad, the exact layout of the land was a complete mystery. For example, lands to the North, such as in Scandinavia, were virtually unknown to the inhabitants of the Byzantine Empire or the Arab world, while realms far closer to hand remained an enigma.

But Ibn Hawqal was the man to put an end to that lack of knowledge. Between the years 943 and 969 AD, he traveled extensively around the known world, i.e. Europe, Asia, and Africa, leaving detailed accounts of what he saw, and creating some of the first credible maps of the world.

In 977 AD he finished his most important and influential work: Ṣūrat al-’Arḍ or “The Face of the Earth.” His crowning achievement, it was finished shortly before his death, as we know that Ibn Hawqal passed on sometime after 978 AD.

A good portion of his investigations were based on the earliest geographical texts by Arab geographers such as Istakhri and Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, both of whom lived in the 10th century. Their work, however, was nowhere near as detailed or extensive as the pioneering studies by Ibn Hawqal. His dedication to exploration, the unique writing style, and even his odd 10th century humor, all influenced later Arab travel writers and scholars.

Ibn Hawqal’s crude 10-century world map. ( Public domain )

Exploring the Barbaric and Uncivilized World of the 10th Century

During the 10th century, the Arab world was in many ways ahead of mainland Europe. It must have certainly been a great cultural shock for Ibn Hawqal as he traveled and experienced many diverse cultures and cities. Still, his journeys were sensational and set new standards for explorers that would follow.

Ibn Hawqal was the first to travel south of the equator along the coasts of East Africa, where he witnessed the thriving African tribes which he noted were heathen ( kafir ). In stark contrast, the previous Greek writers had written, based only on simple logic and without actually travelling or exploring the area, that this region was barren and uninhabitable.

Still, not all of Ibn Hawqal’s descriptions were polite, so to speak. As was common at the time, fueled by politics and religious divisions, this Muslim explorer was quick to denigrate and crudely describe the European cultures he met. Much like the shocking descriptions of the Rus’ Slavs and Vikings by Ibn Fadlan, Ibn Hawqal dubbed the Christian populace of Palermo as “barbaric and uncivilized.”

As Ibn Hawqal traveled through the Mediterranean , he visited friendly Muslim lands of Sicily and Al-Andalus , a.k.a. Muslim Spain, as well as leaving an important account of the thriving Muslim commune of Fraxinetum, modern-day La Garde-Freinet in France.

Additionally, he undertook a significant journey to the “Land of the Rum” - i.e. the Byzantine Empire, noting the multicultural and diverse face of its capital, Constantinople . What is more, Ibn Hawqal was amongst the first to travel to the Caucasus region, noting with great attention to detail that around 360 languages were spoken there, all unified by Arabic as the area’s lingua franca.

Representational image of a medieval explorer. ( DALU11 / Adobe Stock)

Ibn Hawqal’s Thirty Years of Extensive Travels Across the World

On his extensive travels, Ibn Hawqal visited the lands of the Bulgars and the Khazars, the peoples of the European steppe. He made note of the Saqaliba (Medieval Arabic for “Slavs”) who dwelt in the Balkans, and made detailed descriptions of the Rus’ capital, Kiev.

Afterwards, his journeys took him further east, to the lands of the Sindh along the Indus River – where he made extensive geographical outlines of this distant region. His full map of the known world, although crude by today’s standards, mentions all the right cultures and nations – at all the right places. So accurate was the map for its time, that it was a great help for the Arab maritime and caravan travelers .

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In the end Ibn Hawqal's magnum opus–entitled Face of the Earth –was a truly revolutionary work for the 10th century. For 30 years Ibn Hawqal traveled and explored, amassing immense knowledge of the known world, providing an invaluable resource for all the travelers, merchants and rulers of every kingdom and empire.

The ancient Muslim explorer inspired literacy, travel, exploration and fostered a deeper comprehension of geography as a whole. Centuries later, his writings continue to offer a remarkable window into the way the world was understood in the early Middle Ages. Ibn Hawqal's legacy endures as an invaluable source, inspiring our understanding of the world as it was perceived in bygone eras.

Top image: Representational image of the Muslim explorer Ibn Hawqal. Source: nsit0108 / Adobe Stock

By Aleksa Vučković

Antrim, Z. 2015. Routes and Realms: The Power of Place in the Early Islamic World . Oxford University Press. Rapoport, Y. and Savage-Smith, E. 2013. An Eleventh-Century Egyptian Guide to the Universe: The Book of Curiosities . Edited with an Annotated Translation. BRILL.

Wheatley, P. 2001. The Places Where Men Pray Together: Cities in Islamic Lands, Seventh Through the Tenth Centuries . University of Chicago Press.

I am a published author of over ten historical fiction novels, and I specialize in Slavic linguistics. Always pursuing my passions for writing, history and literature, I strive to deliver a thrilling and captivating read that touches upon history's most... Read More

29 Travel and Travel Writing

Maria Pretzler is Lecturer in Ancient History at Swansea University.

Published: 18 September 2012
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Greek travellers tried to take their city with them: travel is typically conducted as a civic act, one justified and defined by one's tie to the city: trade, for example, or martial aggression, or colonization. This article discusses the range of travel experiences reflected in surviving literature. The study of ancient travel focuses on the process of travelling, on individual travellers' movements and their reactions to particular journeys and places. The evidence is therefore mainly literary, with valuable additions from epigraphic sources. The remains of sites that were particularly attractive to ancient travellers, depictions of their means of transport, shipwrecks, and traces of ancient roads can add further information. Greek travel literature had a strong influence on early modern geography and ethnography, and it still has an impact on how people understand the Greek world.

G reeks liked to think about their world by tracing colonists' movements from the old motherland to distant Mediterranean shores: they considered mobility as a crucial factor in defining what, and who, was essentially Greek. Myth and epic poetry set the scene by depicting an earlier age of travellers, be it the Achaeans on their overseas campaign against Troy and then on their tortuous journeys to return home, or adventurous heroes such as Heracles or Jason and the many founders of Greek cities everywhere. For us, the Odyssey in particular provides a wide range of responses to the experience of travelling overseas in the crucial period when Greek colonization began to shape the ancient Mediterranean as we know it. In Odysseus' tales we encounter a variety of travellers engaged in friendships, diplomacy, and marriage outside their own community, and many people risking adventures for gain through trade, piracy, war, or increased knowledge. Others were forced to leave their home, either displaced as slaves or seeking refuge after conflict. Odysseus, always longing to go home to Ithaca while experiencing both the benefits and the horrors of a long overseas journey, shows how the image of the traveller could be reconciled with that other crucial aspect of Greek identity, a close and lasting connection to one's polis. Many did, however, not return home: by the end of the archaic period we find hundreds of colonies, new poleis, around the coasts of the Mediterranean, and some Greeks sought opportunities well beyond the regions settled by colonists.

It is possible to document complex and dense connections between places and regions around the ancient Mediterranean and beyond (Horden and Purcell 2000 ), but most of the evidence for high levels of connectivity in the ancient world does not provide information about the actual process of travelling. The general and vague information derived from imported objects found on archaeological sites suggests the movements of people without offering much insight into the mode or direction of particular journeys. Nevertheless, the general observation that travel was not an exceptional activity in the ancient world should inform our approach to ancient texts dealing with travel experiences. The study of ancient travel focuses on the process of travelling, on individual travellers' movements and their reactions to particular journeys and places. The evidence is therefore mainly literary, with valuable additions from epigraphic sources. The remains of sites which were particularly attractive to ancient travellers, depictions of their means of transport, shipwrecks, and traces of ancient roads can add further information.

Much of what we know about ancient travel concerns the small, eloquent elite that generally dominated the ancient literary record. Throughout antiquity travel was a part of life for wealthy individuals who were involved in the affairs of their community. They were particularly active in maintaining contacts beyond their community, from the elaborate guest-friendships of the Homeric epics to embassies to the emperor in the Roman period. Throughout antiquity, members of the elite relied on widespread contacts which could include acquaintances who were not Greek. Travelling as we see it in most ancient texts was expensive, because eminent people travelled in grand style, with numerous attendants and considerable luggage (Casson 1994 : 176–8). Early Christian texts, particularly the Gospels, Acts, and some of St Paul's epistles, look beyond the small, wealthy elite and offer a different cultural perspective, but this valuable source-material has yet to be fully integrated with classical scholarship.

Information about the activities and routines of ancient travel has to be pieced together from disparate references in ancient texts, and the bulk of the evidence dates from the Roman period (Casson 1974 ; Camassa and Fasce 1991 ; André and Baslez 1993 ). The preferred mode of long-distance travel was by ship: not only was sea travel faster and more comfortable (e.g. Pliny, Epistles 10.17a; Casson 1974 : 67–8, 178–82), but few important Greek sites were located far from the sea. Journeys on land probably often meant walking, even for long distances, although wealthy travellers would use carriages. Mainland Greece at least had a dense road network suitable for vehicles which reached even remote, mountainous locations. Many of these roads date back to the archaic or early classical period and they were in use until the end of antiquity (Pikoulas 2007 ; Pritchett 1980 : 143–96). These practical aspects of ancient travel are rarely the focus of modern research, but they are crucial for our understanding of how ancient travellers interpreted their surroundings. The slow pace of ancient journeys facilitated intensive encounters with landscapes, sites, and local people, while ancient travellers were often less interested in the wider context of their location. Geographical overviews and accurate maps of large regions seem to have remained the domain of scholarly experts, while many travellers may have adopted a view which organizes the landscape along particular routes without paying much attention to a ‘global’ perspective (cf. the Peutinger Table and Pausanias, with Snodgrass 1987 : 81–6).

Trade, war, and the search for opportunities may have accounted for a majority of individual journeys in antiquity (Purcell 1996 ), but these activities are rarely at the centre of attention. Journeys made for the sake of travelling, usually for the spiritual and intellectual benefit of a particular individual, account for much of the information about travel experiences that can be found in ancient texts, and modern scholarship reflects this emphasis on what we might call ‘cultural travel’. Early Greek travellers were often engaged in new discoveries, encountering unknown regions and strange cultures. The exploration by Greeks of regions around the western Mediterranean and the Black Sea may be reflected in the epic tradition, particularly the Odyssey , although it came too early to leave credible traces in the literary record. Areas beyond the Mediterranean remained largely unknown well into the Hellenistic period. The Atlantic coasts of both Europe and Africa were occasionally visited by explorers who recorded their observations, for example Hanno and Pytheas of Massalia (Carpenter 1966 ). Egypt and the Middle East had always been more accessible to the Greeks, not least because there they encountered highly developed cultures that were much older than their own.

By the end of the archaic period Greeks had travelled widely and extended the boundaries of their known world: from Egypt they had reached the upper Nile Valley and brought news of regions further south, and, from the sixth century, knowledge about distant regions of the East as far as India could be obtained through good connections with the Persians. Herodotus criticizes the theories about the shape of the earth inferred from such information by the geographical theorists of sixth-century Ionia, but he also testifies to the usefulness of maps created in this period and he includes geographical information about distant regions in his own work (Herodotus 4.39, 5.49; Harrison 2007 ). Alexander's conquests in the East and the expansion of the Roman empire, especially in western Europe, provided the Greeks with opportunities to reach hitherto unknown regions and to obtain more detailed geographical information (Polybius 3.59; Clarke 1999 ). The edges of the earth, however, remained a matter of legends about unusual peoples and cultures and wondrous natural phenomena (Hartog 1988 : 12–33; Romm 1992 ). All surviving ancient explorers' tales have been subjected to intense scrutiny to match them to actual regions and cultures. Recent scholarly attention, however, has been focused on the particularly Greek perspective on alien cultures which often describes strange people in terms of stark contrasts with what was familiar to the writer and his audience. In fact, authors dealing with ‘barbarians’ often seem more concerned with exploring their own culture than with giving an accurate picture of a distant region and its people. (Hartog 1988 : 212–59).

Most ancient travellers stayed within the familiar confines of the Mediterranean, but there was plenty of scope for ‘cultural’ travel in the Greek world and among its immediate neighbours. Educated Greeks would embark on sightseeing tours to visit famous places, for example a number of historical sites in mainland Greece, including Athens, Olympia, Delphi, and perhaps Sparta, some of the cultural centres of Asia Minor such as Ephesus or Pergamon, and Ilium as the main location of the Trojan War. Egypt, with its spectacular ancient sites (Casson 1974 : 253–61), was also an attractive destination. These sightseeing activities are sometimes described as ancient tourism, but this term is rather misleading because it invites analogies with the seasonal mass movements of today. The Grand Tours of wealthy Europeans of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries would be a more appropriate analogy (see Cohen 1992 ). Most visitors were particularly interested in ancient monuments with historical connections, artworks by famous artists, and sights that could be classified as curiosities. In most places with important historical monuments a visitor could employ professional tourist-guides to explain the sights, and wealthy travellers could apparently rely on members of the local elite to provide a tour appropriate for refined tastes and educated interests (as Plutarch does in his work On the Pythia's Prophecies ; and cf. Jones 2001 ).

In recent years ancient pilgrimage has attracted particular interest (Hunt 1984 ; Dillon 1997 ; Elsner 1997 ; Elsner and Rutherford 2005 : esp. 1–30). The applicability of this term to the activities of ancient travellers is contentious (Morinis 1992 : 1–28; Scullion 2005 : 121–30), but valuable interpretations of ancient texts have emerged from this line of enquiry. Throughout antiquity many sanctuaries saw large numbers of visitors, and some festivals could attract considerable crowds. Many people undertook such visits on their own initiative, but states also maintained regular official links with specific sanctuaries beyond their borders. The concept of pilgrimage invites new enquiries into the function and meaning of such journeys, especially as a means of defining identities and collective memories. Pilgrimage can also be a useful category in assessing ancient attitudes to historical sites. After all, the classical texts played a dominant role in the lives of educated Greeks and determined their approach to places that were in some way linked to the literary tradition. Historical sites, such as important battle-fields or places that played a crucial role in the Homeric epics, allowed visitors to explore localities with which they were intimately familiar from their reading since childhood, and which were part of a common Greek consciousness. Visits to such places could therefore have a profound effect which cannot easily be distinguished from a spiritual or religious experience (Hunt 1984 ). This approach to spiritual, cultural, and emotional aspects of pagan visits to significant places also allows a new evaluation of Christian pilgrimage in late antiquity (e.g. Egeria), by considering it in the context of earlier, pre-Christian traditions (Hunt 1982 ; Holum 1990 ).

Travelling was seen as an important source of knowledge and wisdom, and it was closely linked to the ideals of Greek culture and education ( paideia ) (Pretzler 2007 b ). A traveller could learn by seeing and experiencing different places and civilizations for himself, and he might gain access to information which was not available in Greece. The Greeks were aware that some civilizations were far more ancient than their own, and they assumed that in some countries, for example Egypt, Mesopotamia, or India, travellers might be able to acquire considerable knowledge, particularly about the remote past. There were many legends about the extensive journeys of famous sages such as Solon or Pythagoras, echoed by later traditions about the adventures of Apollonius of Tyana, or Dio Chrysostom's claims about his own wanderings while he was in exile (Hartog 2001 : 5, 90–1, 108–16, 199–209). In the Roman period, many aspiring young men from all over the Roman world travelled to acquire a Greek education: they would move to one of the leading cultural centres such as Pergamon, Athens, or Smyrna to study with a distinguished sophist. Prominent intellectuals could enhance their reputation by travelling to give lecture tours and to compete with their peers (Anderson 1993 : 2–30). Educated Greeks were therefore expected to be acquainted with famous cities and sites, and such personal knowledge influenced intellectual debates and texts. Experience gained through travelling became particularly important to enhance the credibility of arguments and reports. Authors often stress that they have personally seen places or witnessed events they are describing, and such claims of autopsia became a standard literary topos, particularly in historical and geographical works (e.g. Thucydides 1.1; Strabo 2.5.11; Polybius 3.4; Nenci 1953 ; Lanzillotta 1988 ; Jacob 1991 : 91–4).

While travelling and travel experiences play a crucial role in many ancient texts, there is no clearly defined genre of Greek travel literature. Modern examples of the genre often offer an insight into personal experiences on a journey, and they reflect reactions to strange landscapes, places, and people (Campbell 2002 ). Few ancient texts cover any of these aspects extensively, and a study of literary responses to travel experiences needs to include texts which touch upon the subject although they belong to different genres. There is no comprehensive modern study of Greek travel writing, and the re-evaluation of relevant texts as travel literature is a relatively recent phenomenon (e.g. Elsner 2001 ; Hutton 2005 ; Roy 2007 ); much work remains to be done in this field. As far as we can tell, the expectations of ancient readers of travel texts differed considerably from those of their modern counterparts. Few ancient writers provide a clear sense of the topography of a place, and they rarely attempt to create a comprehensive image of a location that would allow readers to visualize what the traveller has seen. In fact, ancient travel writers are usually very selective about what to report: particular features of a landscape are usually only mentioned if they represent a curiosity or if they are relevant to the author's aims, for example sporadic topographical details in a historian's account of a battle. Detailed descriptions of objects were the subject of rhetorical exercises ( ekphrasis ), and landscape descriptions play a particular role in pastoral poetry, but they rarely take up much space in ancient travel accounts (Bartsch 1989 : 7–10; Pretzler 2007 a : 57–63, 105–17).

Ancient travel writing (in the widest sense) can be roughly divided into two categories: on the one hand there are accounts of particular journeys, and on the other hard there are texts which present facts about places or cultures without discussing the process of travelling. The tradition of such ‘factual’ geographical texts was traced back to the ‘Catalogue of Ships’ in the Iliad (2.484–760; cf. 2.815–77), which provides a list of Greek cities and tribes in a roughly geographical order. The earliest geographical texts probably took the form of periploi (e.g. ps. -Scylax), essentially seafarers' logs describing coastlines with important places and landmarks, or stadiasmoi which listed paces and distances along overland routes (Giesinger 1937 ; Janni 1984 : 120–30). Hecataeus' Periodos Gēs developed this genre further by combining a periplous -style description of the world with a scientific discussion of the shape of the earth and the layout of the continents. Later geographers continued to rely on verbal descriptions of coastlines and regional topographies which were never fully superseded by maps (Janni 1984 : 15–19; Jacob 1991 : 35–63). As Strabo shows, geographical works could include information about the landscape, history, and culture of particular places. Texts dealing with particular regions, for example local histories (e.g. Atthidography, Arrian's Bithyniaca ), could go into more detail and would usually rely on an intimate knowledge of landscape, monuments, and local traditions.

Most descriptions of regions and sites were probably mainly interested in historical monuments, religious sites, and significant artworks, not unlike the ‘cultural’ travel-guides of today (Bischoff 1937 ; Hutton 2005 : 247–63). Only two such works survive, Lucian's On the Syrian Goddess , a description of the sanctuary of Atargatis in Hierapolis which is clearly not meant entirely seriously (Lightfoot 2003 ), and Pausanias' Periēgēsis Hellados , ten books describing the Peloponnese and a part of central Greece which represent the longest extant ancient travel text (Habicht 1985 ; Alcock, Elsner, and Cherry 2001 ; Hutton 2005 ; Pretzler 2007 a ). Pausanias, a Greek from Asia Minor carried out extensive research between about 160 and 180 ce , but he rarely refers to his own travel experiences, probably in order to maintain his credibility as an objective observer. Pausanias shows little interest in the life of contemporary communities or the natural landscape. Instead, he focuses on sites with a historical or religious significance, and he provides detailed information about the symbolic and cultural interpretations that Greeks could attach to the landscape. The Periēgēsis follows a long ethnographic tradition, and particularly Herodotus, but instead of reflecting on his own identity by contrasting it with the strange customs of barbarians, Pausanias applies his observations to the heartlands of the Greek world, and he presents an intensive study of the history and state of Greek culture in his own time. A fragment of an early Hellenistic description of Greece by Heraclides Criticus offers a very different view of the landscape of Attica and Boeotia (Pfister 1951 ; Arenz 2006 ). He adopts an often humorous and somewhat flippant tone to comment on the customs and character of contemporary people and on general conditions for a traveller. Heraclides also records his impressions of the landscape and the general appearance of the cities on his route: his approach to the landscape remains unique among the preserved ancient Greek travel texts.

It seems that authors who described places without discussing a particular journey found it easier to assert their credibility. Accounts of individual journeys had a long tradition, but such stories rarely allowed clear distinctions between fact and fiction. Heated discussions about the veracity of tales about distant regions show that ancient readers were aware of this problem, but their conclusions about particular texts often do not agree with modern opinions (e.g. Strabo 1.2.2–19; Romm 1992 : 184–93; Prontera 1993 ). Fictional travel accounts should therefore be included in any study of ancient travel literature because they add to the range of possible literary responses to travel experiences, even if they may not provide factual information about ‘real’ places or journeys. Greek travel writing begins with a fictional tale, namely the Odyssey , with its stories about monsters and incredible events (Jacob 1991 : 24–30; Hartog 2001 ). What is more, its main narrator, Odysseus, is clearly an unreliable reporter who tells untrue stories (‘Cretan tales’) about himself and his adventures, and the epic demonstrates how a traveller can construct false tales which will stand up to scrutiny. Odysseus therefore was a hard act to follow: in his wake no traveller reporting adventures in distant lands could be without suspicion, and many did indeed feel free to add fantastic details to their accounts. The earliest explorers' accounts usually took the form of a periplous which would include some details about specific adventures and discoveries (e.g. Hanno, Pytheas of Massalia). In the Roman period, Arrian revisited the genre and demonstrated its potential complexities: he reports his activities as governor of Cappadocia in a Periplous of the Black Sea , which also allows him to explore his own position as a Greek with multiple identities (Stadter 1980 : 32–41; Hutton 2005 : 266–71; Pretzler 2007 b : 135–6).

Few ancient travel accounts deal with emotional responses to a journey or the transforming impact of the experience on an individual's character, knowledge, or spiritual state. Aristides' Sacred Tales are unique in presenting the authors' personal perspective on his activities, including many journeys, in the pursuit of health and a special relationship with Asclepius (Behr 1968 : 116–28). Most texts dealing with such personal experiences are fictional, and can take the form of extensive accounts, for examples a trip to India in Philostratus' Life of Apollonius , or the Greek novels that usually send their main characters on convoluted journeys before they can settle down to live happily ever after (Morgan 2007 ; Rohde 1960 : 178–310). Some travel authors make no attempt to disguise the fact that their stories are invented, and this can lead to fresh perspectives on the experience of travel. For example, Apuleius' Golden Ass (cf. Lucian, Ass ) takes the opportunity to consider a journey from the point of view of a beast of burden, and it describes a spiritual transformation which turns the main character into a devout follower of Isis. The story also provides a rare chance to observe various travellers who are not members of the elite (Schlam 1992 ; Millar 1981 ). Lucian's fantastic stories ( Lovers of Lies, True Histories ) and other examples of ancient fiction can be seen as a humorous exploration of the many devices employed by travel writers to make their accounts believable (Ní Mheallaigh 2008 ).

Travel accounts could recover some credibility in the context of historiography: after all, Herodotus' Enquiries ( Historiai ) involved extensive travelling around the eastern Mediterranean, and autopsy remained crucial to enhance a historian's authority. Some journeys were themselves historical events, for example long military campaigns, and they inspired a new kind of travel account which owed much to historiography but could also follow some of the conventions of ancient adventurers' tales. Xenophon's Anabasis is the most extensive personal account of a specific journey that survives from antiquity, although the author never admits that he is in fact one of the main characters in the story. Xenophon includes specific information about distances, topography, flora, fauna, and local people, and he gives the impression that decades after the events he can draw on detailed memories, perhaps even a travelogue (Cawkwell 2004 ; Roy 2007 ). His perspective, however, is not that of an explorer whose main aim it is to describe a foreign region, but that of a historian who includes details about landscape and people when they are relevant to the events described. Alexander's conquests inspired a number of participants to write accounts which probably took the form of historical accounts in the mould of Xenophon's Anabasis (Pearson 1960 ). In the East, Alexander's military operations turned into a journey of exploration, and his scientific staff gathered reliable, factual information about areas which had hitherto been almost unknown to the Greeks (Strabo 1.2.1; 2.1.6). Well-founded knowledge could, however, be superseded by fantasy: if Strabo (2.1.9) is anything to go by, realistic reports about India did not have a lasting impact and were soon replaced by the old traditions about an exotic land full of strange wonders (Seel 1961 ; Romm 1992 : 94–109). Alexander's campaign became itself the subject of the Alexander Romance , which reinterpreted historical events in the tradition of myths and fictional adventure stories: in ancient travel writing, imagination could sometimes be stronger than reality.

Like Odysseus, Greek travellers are often unreliable witnesses of places and events they have seen, but their tales offer great insights into ancient perceptions of the world. Greek travel literature had a strong influence on early modern geography and ethnography, and it still has an impact on how we understand the Greek world. Since the Renaissance, western travellers who set out to discover the eastern Mediterranean relied on ancient texts to guide them to classical sites and to help them interpret the historical landscape. They also drew on similarities between the reactions of travellers in the Roman period and their own feelings about ancient sites and the loss of Greek culture. Ultimately, our understanding of antiquity owes much to ancient travellers who contributed their observations and interpretations to the definition of Greek culture and identity. The reception of ancient travel literature, especially of major texts such as Strabo or Pausanias, deserves attention, not least in the context of the development of our own disciplines, namely Classics, Ancient History, and Classical Archaeology.

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Travel Writing in Antiquity

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Odysseus's travels as described in Homer's Odyssey are sometimes referred to as the earliest known “travel writing” from the ancient world, as are the Histories of Herodotus, from about four ...

From: Travel Writing in Antiquity in The Oxford Companion to World Exploration »

Subjects: History

Pausanias: Travel Writing in Ancient Greece. Classical Literature and Society

William hutton , mary. [email protected].

Pausanias’s Description of Greece has been the focus of increased scholarly scrutiny over recent decades, and this interest has produced a growing list of articles, collections, commentaries, dissertations and monographs. One thing for which an increasing need has arisen, however, is an up-to-date work that can serve as an accessible introduction to the text and its author for non-specialists as well as specialists. Christian Habicht’s 1985 monograph, 1 based on his Sather lectures, has served that purpose ably for over two decades, but was always somewhat limited in its scope and has been overtaken in many respects by the progress of scholarship on Pausanias that it did no small part to inspire. A new synthesis of the state of Pausanias studies has long been needed, and Maria Pretzler has filled that lack admirably with the volume under review.

Like the Description of Greece itself, Pretzler’s work is divided into ten parts, but Pretzler’s divisions deal not with different parts of Pausanias’s Greece but with the different aspects of Pausanias’s authorial effort: Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the basic facts about the Description of Greece , and Chapter 2 deals with what we know about Pausanias himself, always a difficult topic to address since we know nothing about Pausanias aside from the tiny scraps of information that he lets slip in his own work. Pretzler avoids the pitfalls of biographical criticism that plague many previous efforts at this topic and paints for us a Pausanias who, far from being an idiosyncratic loner, purveys antiquarian information to the antiquarian elite society of the Second Sophistic at a time when “details about history and cults were valuable commodities” (p. 30).

Chapters 3 and 4 situate Pausanias in the context of travel and travel literature in ancient the Greek world, and in the Greek East of Pausanias’s day in particular. Here Pretzler deftly balances a comparative overview of travel and travel writing outside of Pausanias with an appreciation of Pausanias’s unique place in that milieu. In contrast to the facile characterizations of Pausanias’s work as a “travel guide” that one finds in earlier scholarship, Pretzler judiciously asserts that “the ancients had neither a clearly defined genre of travel writing, nor a notion of books specifically written for travelers,” and that “nothing suggests that [Pausanias] considers his work as a part of a specific genre of travel literature” (p. 45). Chapter 5 assesses Pausanias’s position in the broader realm of ancient conceptualizations and expressions of space, drawing on the work of geographers and periploi as well as the Tabula Peutingeriana for comparison.

Chapters 6, 7 and 8 deal with Pausanias as historian, topographer and connoisseur of art. While these are separate chapters, one theme that pervades them is that Pausanias’s efforts in these areas cannot be understood in isolation from one another. Pausanias’s desire to produce a treatment of each Greek locality that does justice to its unique character affects his selection and presentation of historical and artistic data. A sensitivity to local concerns may help explain Pausanias’s historiographical idiosyncrasies and his focus on certain aspects of artwork, such as historical and mythical connections, rather than others, such as style and affective response.

Up to the end of Chapter 8, there is little in Pretzler’s work that could be considered a radical departure from previous scholarship, yet along the way one constantly comes across fresh insights that make the reading worthwhile even for the most experienced of Pausaniacs (such as Pretzler’s comments on what Pausanias’s persona reveals about himself 8.33.2, where he states that formerly wealthy places like Delos and Egyptian Thebes had fewer resources in his day than a “private man of modest means” (p. 25)). In Chapter’s 9 and 10, however, Pretzler really breaks new ground by tackling the issue of Pausanias’s reception in the early modern period. The fortune of Pausanias’s text in late antiquity and the middle ages was covered by a still-fundamental series of articles by Aubrey Diller in the 1950’s, 2 and numerous studies have emerged in recent years concerning the use of Pausanias by scholarly giants from around the turn of the 1900s, such as Farnell and Wilamowitz, but there is a large gap of time in between, from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth century, that has received relatively little scholarly scrutiny. Pretzler takes a solid step toward filling that gap in these chapters, examining the use of Pausanias by the likes of Caylus and Winckelmann and by early travelers to Greece such as Dodwell and Leake. In these chapters Pretzler underlines the importance of Pausanias in the formative days of the disciplines of art history and archaeology, and illustrates the ways in which Pausanias’s selective portrayal of Greek landscapes has shaped and sometimes straitjacketed modern views. Of course in the span of two chapters in a short book the amount of ground that Pretzler can cover is limited. An indication of how fertile a field of inquiry this remains is that in a work that was published independently and nearly simultaneously with Pretzler’s a team of scholars addressed Pausanias’s reception in the same general period, and ended up dealing, by and large, with a very different set of Pausanias’s readers. 3

Overall, Pretzler gives us a Pausanias who exercises authorial control of his work, rather than a passive recorder of information, one whose aims and methods must be taken into account in the interpretation of the information (archaeological, historical, religious, and topographical) he provides. His work is accordingly one that cannot be understood piecemeal — each part of Pausanias’s testimony must be read an organic part of a carefully constructed context that weaves together the various strands of tradition and history that preoccupied the educated classes of the time with the realities that Pausanias found on-site in his travels. The ideal interpreter of Pausanias, therefore, is a scholar equally at home reading sophistic declamations and reports of archaeological surveys — the sort of interpreter Pretzler amply demonstrates herself to be. Pretzler’s Pausanias is not the trustworthy dingbat that too many of today’s scholars still wish he were — one whose intellectual and literary pretentions can safely be ignored in the process of extracting information from the text — but neither is he a springboard for deracinated pontifications about identity, memory, gaze and other currently popular abstractions. The observations Pretzler makes are solidly grounded in Pausanias’s own words and in the archaeological record, and copiously documented with citations.

The Description of Greece is such a complex text that no scholar can hope to cover every aspect of it in a work of less than 200 pages, and different Pausanias enthusiasts will doubtlessly miss different things in Pretzler’s selection of topics. One important area that seems to me to receive short shrift is the literary nature of Pausanias’s account. On several occasions, for instance, Pretzler will discuss some feature in Pausanias’s text that is reminiscent of Herodotus (e.g. pp. 18-19) in a manner that may leave readers thinking that such similarities are incidental or accidental, rather than fundamental elements of a pervasive program of Herodotean mimesis . Although Pretzler acknowledges Pausanias’s literary sophistication, she sometimes lapses into an interpretation of his decision-making that harkens back to old notions of Pausanias as a subliterary scribbler. For instance, in considering the question of why Pausanias presents his pocket biography of Philopoimen (8.49.2 – 52.6) in his treatment of Tegea (rather than in Philopoimen’s hometown of Megalopolis, or in Messene where he died) Pretzler’s answer is that it gave Pausanias the opportunity to show off an interesting inscription that he found on a statue base for Philopoimen at Tegea (p. 80). Pretzler is possibly correct about this, but it is at least worth considering that Pausanias had more involved motives for saving his account of the life of independent Greece’s “last good man” until he comes to an empty statue base in the last city he describes in the last book of his intricately structured account of the Peloponnesos.

As is appropriate for a work of this sort, Pretzler avoids devoting much space to controversy and polemic, though there are times when this reader feels that she might have done a bit less glossing over of points of scholarly contention. For instance, in discussing a notorious sentence in 8.27.1 Pretzler states Pausanias refers to Roman rule (or at least certain effects of it) as a “disaster.” I happen to think that Pretzler is right about this, but she should at least acknowledge the fact that an impressive number of scholars, including the editors of the most recent scholarly editions of the text, favor emending this apparent ‘anti-Roman’ reference out of existence. Finally, in a work that tackles so many topics in such a constrained space, there are inevitably a number of places where even a non-scholarly reader might long for a few examples or citations to illustrate generalizing statements, as, for example, when Pretzler states that some of Pausanias’s demonstrable historical errors “can be understood in the context of his aims, his use of local sources and his willingness to include details that differed from what could be found in well-known literary works” (p. 80). In nearly all such cases numerous examples and citations are provided, but they are buried in the endnotes. Though presumably the author herself is not to blame for the decision to use endnotes rather than footnotes, the decision was, in my view, a regrettable one. The utility of some books might not be hindered by the use of endnotes, but in the case of this one, the need to flip pages to find citations and examples was a continual annoyance.

Apart from these minor complaints, the work is thoroughly solid from beginning to end. The bibliography is remarkably complete and current. Maps and diagrams, though few in number, are clear and helpful. I would recommend this book to anyone who wants a concise and reliable introduction to the issues involved in studying Pausanias. With its overall high quality and its affordable price we have good reason to hope that it will reach a wide audience and provide a solid foundation for the next generation of Pausanian studies.

1 . C. Habicht (1985), Pausanias’s Guide to Ancient Greece [2nd edition: 1998]. Berkeley: University of California Press.

2 . C. Diller (1955), “The Authors Named Pausanias,” TAPA 86: 268-279; (1956) “Pausanias in the Middle Ages,” TAPA 87: 84-97; (1957) “The Manuscripts of Pausanias,” TAPA 88: 169-188.

3 . C. Guilmet, K. Staikos, G. Tolias, A. Malliaris and A. Asvesta (2007), “Pausanias in Modern Times (1418-1820).” Chapter 3 of M. Georgopoulou et al. (eds.) Following Pausanias: The Quest for Greek Antiquity. New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press.

http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/pegol.html Francesco Pegolotti (1310-1347) Florentine merchant, politician who wrote accounts " The Practice of Commerce " instructing Italians how to conduct business in the East. These accounts came at a time when "The Golden Horde" was at it's peak ruling the western Mongol empire. Who is Francesco Pegolotti? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Balducci_Pegolotti See Chen Cheng (envoy to Persia): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Cheng_(Ming_Dynasty ) Ma Huan and Fei Xin (chronists of Zheng He's Chinese fleet to Persia's Ormuz). See Zheng He: http://www.famouslives.com/chengho.html As a footnote to Chinese travel narratives see 1402 map, the "Kanguido" made in Korea by Ch'an Chin and Li Hui which portrays China's view as being the center of the world. http://cartographic-images.net/Cartographic_Images/236_Kangnido.html "Yoktae chewang honil Kangnid or the Kanguido," Cartographic-images.net. Monograph 236. http://www.eacrh.net/ojs/index.php/crossroads/article/view/5/Vol1_Park_html Park Hyunhee, "A Buddhist Woodblock-printed map in 13th century China," Crossroads Studies on the History of Exchange Relations in the East Asian World, Volume 1/2, 2010. Map's Buddhist author adapted a circulating geographic representation of China but shifted it's world view to present China at the eastern edge of the Buddhist world. Also Portuguese Jesuit Bento de Gois (1562-1607) who traveled the same route 180 years later. All noted at end of this brief digplanet selection (above). See more on Bento De Gois in "Famous Foreigners in Chinese History," DrBen.net website, last updated November 15, 2012 and also in next section, 1450-1750 CE: http://www.drben.net/ChinaReport/Sources/History/Foreigners/Famous_Foreigners_in_Chinese_History-Bento_De_Gois-1562-1607AD.html Chen Cheng's voyages in the context of the Yongle era military and diplomatic activity. Chen Cheng's approximate overland route (as based on the list of destinations in Goodrich & Tay 1976 ) is in green, along with the maritime route of Zheng He (in black) and the riverine route of Yishiha (in blue). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ming-Expeditions.svg See more detailed map and routes of Ming dynasty envoy to Persia Chen Cheng, Zheng He's Indian Ocean routes, and Yishiha riverine route. See more on northern Chinese eunuch admiral Yishiha: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yishiha Yishiha's 1413-1414 river expeditions left a stele along the Amur River (now housed in Vladivostok museum) which described the expedition and local people in Chinese, Mongol and Jurchen languages. http://www.gavinmenzies.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/wangtaipeng_zhenghevisittocairo.pdf Wang Tei Peng (MA, historian cum journalist based in Vancouver, Canada), "Zheng He and his Envoys Visits to Cairo 1414 and 1433." Gavin Menzies.net, August, 2011. Note some of envoys have left us with travel accounts of Zhen He's voyages including reference to Ma Huan. (30 pp. pdf.) http://gutenberg.org/ebooks/782 "Travels of Sir John Mandeville," (1356) Gutenberg ebook. Mandeville described the imaginary Prester John traveling throughout Asia and his travel account has been labelled as "pure hearsay." This travel chronicle was popular reading and becae a standard account of the East for several centuries. Who was Sir John Mandeville, Knight? http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/361698/Sir-John-Mandeville http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/record/2000061252766 " Anthology of Travel Literature and Texts on the Orient ," Paris: 15th century (1410-1412), The European Library. http://nandinibajpai.blogspot.com/2009/01/bodhidharma-went-east.html Nandini Bajpai, "Bodhidharma Went East," Nandinibajpai blogspot, January 17, 2009. Ms. Bajpai discusses Indian traveling monks in early history including South Indian Brahmin Bodhisena (736 CE) who followed the trade routes to east Asia. http://www.panoreon.gr/files/items/1/163/sailing_to_india.pdf Himanshu Prabha Ray (Jawaharlal Nehru University), "Sailing to India-Diverse Narratives of Travel in the western Indian Ocean," New Delhi 110067, The Athens Dialogues: Stories and Histories, Athens 25th-27th November 2010. 20 pp. pdf. http://www.museindia.com/viewarchive.asp?myr=2009&issid=25 "Muse India" archieve, Issue 25: May-June 2009. Focus: Oriya Medieval Bhakti Poetry and Feature articles: Indian Travel Writing which includes travelogues, poetry, reviews. http://stewartgordonhistorian.com/journal-of-asian-studies.html Eric Tagliacozzoal (Cornell University) book review of " When Asia Was the World: Traveling Merchants, Scholars, Warriors, and Monks Who Created the 'Riches of the East, '" by Stewart Gordon, Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press, 2008. This review seen in "The Journal of Asian Studies," (2009), 68:1232-1235 Cambridge University Press. Stewart Gordon's book is filled with travel narratives. http://www.lib.washington.edu/SouthEastAsia/vsg/elist_2009/Travel%20Narratives.html#top "Travel Narratives" thread, Vietnam Study Group a Sub-Committee of SE Asia Council of the Association for Asian Studies, September 2008. Hosted by U. of Washington Library. Note discussion of travel writers and narratives in Vietnamese history.

Middle East: http://courses.umass.edu/juda373/outlines/documents/Medieval%20Travel%20Narrative.pdf Paul Zumthor, "The Medieval Travel Narrative," trans. Catherine Peebles. New Literary History, Vol. 25, No. 4, 25th Anniversary Issue (Pt. 2) (Autumn, 1994) pp. 809-24. Publisher: The John Hopkins Press. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/469375 Zumthor claims (p. 809) that the "Arab World identified and sometimes taught travel narratives as an autonomous literary genre related to the novel." And that Abu Said of Siraf was the first travel narrative author, 915 CE. http://www.longitudebooks.com/find/d/3735/pc/Smithsonian%20Journeys/printable/1 "Ancient Worlds of Anatolia-Recommended Reading for Travelers," Longitude (Smithsonian Journeys). First two recommendations on Turkey. http://www.silkroadgourmet.com/?p=603 "The Real Sinbad the Sailor," Silk Road Gourmet account of Abu Said of Siraf, 850-915 CE. Rabban Bar Sauma, A Nestorian Uighur, born near Beijing, travelled to Europe during the second half of the 13th c. and wrote an extensive account of Abu Said's journey. See more on Rabban Bar Sauma: http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/sauma.html http://www.tutorgigpedia.com/ed/Ibn_Fadlan "Ahmad ibn Fadlan," Tutorgigpedia. Fadlan traveled from Baghdad as a refined diplomat to the Volga River Viking court in the 10th century where he observed and wrote about the Viking ship burial ritual. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/usamah2.html Usama Ibn Munqidh, Autobiography, excerpts on the Franks, 1175, Medieval Sourcebook Fordham University, Paul Halsall curator. Munqidh (1095-1188) was a chronicler, (professional soldier), poet, diplomat from the Banu Manqidh dynasty of Shaizar in northern Syria, and general for Saladin in the early crusades who dictated his travels and experiences in his Autobiography or " The Book of Contemplation ( Kitab al-itibar ) at age 90. These are excerpts as to his descriptions of the Frankish crusaders. See a biography of Munqidh in wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usamah_ibn_Munqidh http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_slave_trade "Arab Slave Trade," wikipedia. See medieval Arabic sources, many being travel narratives, and European texts (16th-19th c.) and quotes as to Arab views of slaves, esp. African, Zanj. http://www.islamictourism.com/PDFs/Issue%202/English/06%20religous%20tourism.pdf Hassan al-Amin (Lebanese researcher and historian), "Religious Tourism in Islamic Heritage. Ibn Jubayr-Writer, Historian, and Tourist, Islamic Tourism, Issue 02, Winter 2002. Ibn Jubayr travel chronicle (1183-1185 CE) describes his pilgrimage to Mecca including a view of Saladin's Egypt and Levant and return through Sicily which had been recaptured from the Muslims a century earlier and its diversity. See Ibn Jubayr (Yabar-Ibn Jubair) travel route: Yabar-IbnJubair.PNG (563 x 229 pixels, file size: 227 KB, MIME type: image/png)

http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/344vil.html Geoffroy de Villehardouin," Chronicle of the Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople," Internet Medieval Source Book, @ Paul Halsall, April 1996. Villehardouin (1160-1213) was one of the leaders and chroniclers of the 4th crusade and sack of Constantinople. http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/96/jean-de-joinville-and-his-biography-of-saint-louis-on-the-seventh-crusade Katherine Blakeny, "Jean De Joinville and his Biography of Saint Louis on the Seventh Crusade," Student Pulse-online academic Student Journal, Vol. 1, No. 12, 2009. See more on de Joinville's chronicle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Joinville Jean de Joinville, French knight and crusader 13th century wrote chronicle of 7th crusade into Egypt. wikipedia. http://userwww.sfsu.edu/epf/journal_archive/volume_XIX,_2010/matsushita_e.pdf Elizabeth Matsushita, "Fiction, Ideology, and Identity: Medieval Christian Depictions of the Muslim East," Ex Post Facto, Journal of the History Students at San Francisco State University, Vol. XIX, 2010. Matsushita, in this 15 pp. pdf essay, discusses crusaders and others travel accounts of the Muslim levant. http://books.google.com/books/about/Richard_The_Lionheart.html?id=LUtxKxQwRkcC David Miller, " Richard the Lion Hearted: The Mighty Crusader," Phoenix Illustrated, 2005. See references from web and book description of Richard's travels and narrative accounts in levant crusades. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830904746.html S. Maqbul Ahmad, "Yaqut Al-Hamawi Al-Rumi, Shiham Aldin Abu Abdallah Yaqut ibn Abd Allah," Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography , 2008, seen in Enclyclopedia.com March 4, 2013. Yakut (1179-1229), possibly a Greek slave, born in Byzantium, trained as a merchant and accountant, freed by his Islamic owner which allowed Yaqut to travel central Asia and the Middle East writing Islamic biographies and producing his vast Geographic Dictionary in 1218. http://archive.org/details/travelsofibnjuba05ibnjuoft Ibn Jubayr, "Travels of Ibn Jubayr," Leyden, Brill, Internet Archive Ebook. Ibn Jubayr (1145-1217) was a courtier from Grenada, Spain who traveled to Saladin controlled Mecca in 1183 CE for Hajj. It is considered a "rihla" or travel account of learning, like Ibn Battuta's travel account. http://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/unusual-antique-hebrew-manuscript-medieval-poet Summary of Judah al-Harizi's " Tahkemoni" seen on worthpoint ebay site. Rabbi al-Harizi was a medievel poet and traveler who recounted his travels in this narrative written between 1218-1220. http://www.tau.ac.il/tarbut/rina.drory/abodot/lit_cont.htm Rina Drory (Tel Aviv University), "Literary Contacts and Where to Find Them: On Arabic Literary Models in Medieval Jewish Literature," Poetics Today, 14:2, 1993, pp. 277-302. Dr. Drory discusses Moses ibn Ezra and travel writer and poet Judah al-Harizi (see link above) contacts with Arabic styles and works. I include this article to emphasize how travel writing and narratives are cross cultural examples of exchange and syncretism, plus giving more information on al-Harizi. See similar analysis from David A. Wacks (University of Oregon) in his Research and Teaching website on Medieval Iberian and Sephardic Culture. http://davidwacks.uoregon.edu/tag/judah-al-harizi/ Two posts, October 6, 2011 and February 23, 2011. http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2054935?uid=3739728&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101562763663 G. B. Tibbetts, " A Study of the Arabic Texts Containing Material on South-East Asia," Leiden: E. J. Brill (Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund, n.s., Vol. 44), 1979. Tibbetts' research is in two parts with the 2nd being a review of Arab travelers to southeast Asia. He finds ibn Batutta most reliable as a primary source historian yet cites 9th century works such as Akhbar al-Jin wal-Hind and Aga ib al-Hind (Persian navigator Puzurg ibn Shahriyar of Ramhormuz wrote these) as suitable primary source travel narratives by geographers and merchants. http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196206/arabs.and.the.sea.htm "Arabs and the Sea," Saudi Aramco World , 6/1962. The great Arab navigator Ibn Majid and Vasco da Gama . Ibn Majid wrote books on sea trade and navigation plying the entire expanse of the Indian Ocean in the 15th century and cites earlier Arab navigators/sailors who also wrote travel narratives about the Indian Ocean trade route such as Persian navigator Buzurg ibn Shahriyar of Ramhormuz who wrote about his travels to India (Hind) and China (Sin). Tibbetts also credits the 10th century geography of Abu Zaid which updated 9th c. text of Ibn Khurdadhbih as credible information on southeast Asia. http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/phil/philo/phils/muslim/biruni.html "al-Buruni-Iranian Muslim Philosopher 973-1048," The Window-Philosophy on the Internet, Trinitiy College post. al-Buruni was a diplomat, scientist and mathematician who spent 20 years traveling in India producing, amongst scientific and mathematics discourses, " Kitab al-Hind " which were his observations of India. See more: http://www.alshindagah.com/janfeb2004/albiruni.html "al-Biruni," Al Shindagah website, United Arab Emirates, January/February 2004. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0020_0_20011.html Tovia Preschel, "Travelers and Explorers," Jewish Virtual Library. Annotated discussion of Jewish travelers and explorers, including their travel narratives, from 9th century through 20th century. http://vbm-torah.org/archive/parshanut/13parshanut.htm Dr. Avigail Rock, "Great Biblical Exegetes, Lecture # 13: R. Avraham ibn Ezra, Pt. 1," The Israel Koschitzky Virtual Beit Midrash, trans. by Rav Yoseif Bloch. R. Avraham ibn Ezra (1089-1164 CE) was a great Jewish traveler and writer trained in the Spanish Andalusian manner. His most famous travel narrative may have been " Reshit Hokmak. http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200004/the.longest.hajj.the.journeys.of.ibn.battuta-editor.s.note.htm Douglas Bullis, "The Longest Hajj: The Journeys of Ibn Battuta," Saudi Aramco World, July/August 2000. Note three part article on Ibn Battuta's travels. http://smuhlberger.blogspot.com/2012/09/ibn-battuta-imposter.html "ibn Battuta an Imposter," S. Muhlberger blogspot, 9/2012. German historian's evidence that Battuta was a fake. http://origins.osu.edu/review/journeys-other-shore-muslim-and-western-travelers-search-knowledge Mary Sitzenstatter review of Roxanne L. Euben, " Journeys to the Other Shore: Muslim and Western Travels in Search of Knowledge ," Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006 seen in The Ohio State Universities' "Origins" website-Current Events in Historical Perspective, February 2007. "Rihla" is a genre of Islamic travel writing that documents travel in pursuit of knowledge. Ibn Battuta and Egyptian Rifa a Rafi al-Tahtawi are travelers who exemplify this model of travel writing, ie., Rifa a Rafi al-Tahtawi's " Takhlis al-Ibriz ila Talkhis Bariz " or The Extraction of Gold from a Distillation of Paris, 1834. http://books.google.com/books/about/Islam_and_Travel_in_the_Middle_Ages.html?id=6d-gv0Lw5XwC Houari Touati, "Islam and Travel in the Middle Ages," University of Chicago Press, 2010. Scroll down this google book page to contents of the book, especially "Chronological List of Principal Travel Accounts." Rihla is a key theme in Touati's work. http://www.ibnbattuta.tv/travelMap.html Ibn Battuta, the animated series. See travel map of Ibn Battuta. Compare with:

The Travels of Ibn Battuta (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta ) http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/sauma.html "The History of the Life and Travels of Rabban Sawma ," first published in 1928, University of Washington. http://people.hofstra.edu/alan_j_singer/242%20Course%20Pack/2.%20Ninth/124d.%20Rabban%20Sauma.pdf Alan J. Singer, "The Travels of Bar Sauma In Asia and Europe," pdf from course pack, Hofstra University. Bar Sauma was an envoy of the Mongol Khans, a Onggud Turk Nestorian Christian. Traveled with his student Markos Yahbh-Allaha III who bacame Patriarch of Nestorian Church in Asia. Here is Rabban Sauma describing one of the most exotic and dangerous seas in the world: {Thanks to H-World post by Sebastian Stride} "And he went down to the sea [i.e. embarked on a ship] and came to the middle thereof, where he saw a mountain from which smoke ascended all the day long and in the night time fire showed itself on it. And no man is able to approach the neighbourhood of it because of the stench of sulphur [proceeding therefrom]. Some people say that there is a great serpent there. This sea is called the "Sea of Italy." Now it is a terrible sea, and very many thousands of (54) people have perished therein. And after two months of toil, and weariness, and exhaustion, RABBAN SAWMA arrived at the sea-shore, and he landed at the name of which was NAPOLI" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Medieval_Islamic_travel_writers "Medieval Islamic Travel Writers," wikipedia.org. Thirteen pages of travel writers listed alphabetically with tabs. http://www.digplanet.com/wiki/Ghiy%C4%81th_al-d%C4%ABn_Naqq%C4%81sh "Ghiyath al-din Naqqash," digplanet wiki. Naqqash was envoy of Timurid ruler of Persia and Transoxania to Yongle (Ming dynasty) Emperor of China (1419-1422) and who acted as official court diarist. His diary has been published as a travel narrative. http://www.ampltd.co.uk/collections_az/Med-Travel-Online/highlights.aspx "Medieval Travel Writing," Adam Matthews Publishing. Collection of digital resources on journeys to the Holy Land, India and China which includes primary sources, supporting materials, maps of routes, and Introductory essays by leading scholars with alphabetical tabs.

Europe: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/willibald.asp "Huneberc of Heidenheim: The Hodoeporican of St. Willibald, 8th Century," Paul Halsall Medieval Sourcebook, Fordham University, October 1, 2000. Hunebrec was an Anglo-Saxon nun of Heidenheim. She had taken down the description of Willibald's travels from his own mouth. Willibald was a pilgrim and not a scientist or sociologist, yet the value of his Hodoeporican is it being the only narrative extant of a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in the 8th century forming a bridge between works of Arculfus (670) and Bernardus Morachus (865). This information from C.H. Talbot introduction to primary source (C.H. Talbot, The Anglo-Saxon Missionaries in Germany, Being the Lives of SS. Willibord, Boniface, Leoba and Lebuin together with the Hodeopericon of St. Willibald and a slection from correspondence of St. Boniface, (London and New York: Sheed and Ward, 1954). See more on Medieval Literature: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_literature http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-818738-6.pdf Wendy Scase, "'Now you see it; now you don't': Nation, Identity, and Otherness," University of Birmingham, nd. Wendy Scase discusses Medieval English travel writing and documenting England and Wales including John Leland in her review of essays in 4th Volume of "New Medieval Literatures." http://pims.ca/pdf/st172.pdf James P. Carley, ed., De uiris illustribus /On Famous Men-British Writers of the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period, Bodleian Library, Univeristy of Oxford, 2010. Leland is discussed in this excerpt as father of English topography due to his constant travels through England and Wales. The topographical information was derived from his field notes never intended for publication. http://sagadb.org/eiriks_saga_rauda.en "The Saga of Erik the Red," Icelandic Saga Database, 1880, English., transl. J. Sephton, from the original 'Eiriks saaga rauoa'. http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/nda/nda20.htm "Saga of Thorfinn Karlsefni," 1005 CE from "The Norse Discovery of America," A.M. Reeves, N.L. Beamish and R.B. Anderson [1906], at sacred-texts.com. Karlsefni and his wife Gudrid travel accounts are second only to the Saga of Erik the Red. http://www.medievalists.net/category/travel/ "Travel," Medievalist website. Travel narratives focused on medieval European sites. http://travelwriterstales.com/france-medieval.htm Karoline Cullen, "Travels in medieval southwest France," Travel Writer's Tales. See photos and guide book to southwest French medieval sites. http://the-orb.net/textbooks/anthology/beidler/life.html Dr. Peter G. Beidler (Lehigh University), "Chapter One of Backgrounds to Chaucer," The ORB: on-line reference Book for Medieval Studies, 2001. Biography information as to Chaucer as travel writer and Canterbury Tales as a travel narrative. Beidler claims, "Boccaccio's wonderful DeCameron probably suggested to Chaucer the idea of a group of travelers entertaining each other while on a journey..." http://faculty.goucher.edu/eng211/Margery%20Kempe%20and%20Julian%20of%20Norwich.html Arnie Sanders, "Margery Kempe's and Julian of Norwich," Goucher College English Department syllabus, 2012. Dr. Sanders claims Margery Kempe's (1373-1440) was not a travel writer, but her autobiography details her travels as told to three "ghostwriters." Yet today, many argue that Kempe's was a travel writer and her autobiography was an oral travel narrative. http://www.women-on-the-road.com/early-womens-travel-writing.html#top "Early Women's Travel Writing," Women on the Road. Short article, really an ad for Women on the Road book which shows change over time of women's travel writing by Ban Zhao, Endocia Augusta, Sugarawara no Takasue no musume, Gulbadan Bigam who wrote journals and diaries while traveling with their husbands to women like Elizabeth Craven, Marie Catherine le Jumel de Barneville, Mariana Starke, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Mary Crommelin who traveled alone. http://openlibrary.org/works/OL7245243W/To_Russia_and_return "To Russia and Return, " an annotated bibliography of travelers' English Language accounts of Russia from the 9th century to the present" compiled by Harry W. Nerhood (c) 1968 Ohio State University Press, Library of Congress Catalogue Card # 67-22737. (thanks to AP European history colleague Steve McCarthy) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_Gonz%C3%A1les_de_Clavijo "Ruy Gonzales de Clavijo," Wikipedia. Castillian traveler and writer sent to court of Timur from 1403-1405. He died in 1412 and his diary, travel narrative, was published in Spanish in 1582 and in English in 1859.

Africa: http://college.cengage.com/history/primary_sources/world/book_routes_realms.htm Abu Ubaydallah al-Bakri, (excerpt) " The Book of Routes and Realms," from Houghton Mifflin Company's History Companion. al-Bakri (d. 1094) travel account from earlier geographic accounts and named informants who had traveled to Ghana. al-Bakri never left his native Andalusian Spain.

Americas: http://archaeology.about.com/od/ancientwriters/Ancient_Writers.htm "Ancient Writers," Archaeology About.com. Spanish Travel Writers in New World. http://www.athenapub.com/pane1.htm Fray Ramon Pan'e: Recording the Taino Customs and Beliefs," Athena Review, Vol. 1, no. 3. Christopher Columbus ordered Father Pan'e to record/investigate the cultural "habits" of the Taino natives. http://books.google.com/books/about/An_account_of_the_antiquities_of_the_Ind.html?id=ylpahoEeajkC (Google EBook) Fray Ramon Pane, "An Account of the Antiquities of the Indians: A New Edition, with an Introductory Study, Notes, and Appendices ," by Jose Juan Arrom. Fray Ramon Pane traveled with Christopher Columbus on his second voyage (1494) to the Americas and he was assigned to live with the Taino natives and record their beliefs and habits. http://frontiertrails.com/america/firstbook.html "Frontier Trails of America," hosted by atjeu publishing @ 2000. Brief bibliography of "First America Books." Travel narratives. See Fray Ramon Pane's account of the Taino natives on Columbus's second voyage, 1494. http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/amerbegin/contact/text7/casas_destruction.pdf Bartolom'e de las Casas, " A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies," written in 1542, published in 1552, National Humanities Center. de las Casas wrote his indictment of the Spanish in the New World without permission of the Inquisition. He traveled to the Indies early and often, knew Columbus and was editor of the Admiral's Journal. http://www.thing.net/~grist/ld/bot/boturini.htm Karl Young, "The Last Pages of Codex Boturini," @1982 and 1999. The Codex Boturini is a migration history of the Aztec people. See Annenber Learner module on this travel narrative at the end of this article in "Lessons" section. http://www.amazon.com/Travel-Narratives-Age-Discovery-Anthology/dp/0195155971#reader_0195155971 Peter C. Mancall, editor, " Travel Narratives From The Age of Discovery: An Anthology," Oxford University Press, 2006. http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=12840 Sebastain Barreveld (Stanford University), "Teaching Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century Travel Literature," review of Peter C. Mancall, ed., Travel Narratives From Age of Discovery: An Anthology , New York: Oxford University Press, 2006 first published in H-Travel, February 2007 seen in H-Net online 2007. http://cs.brown.edu/~sk/Personal/Books/Camoes-Lusiads/ " Lusiads by Luiz Vaz de Camoes," Brown University, April 2007. The "shifty" Portuguese poet and travel writer (1597), Camoes, and his work analyzed in this short piece from Brown University. At the time of his travel narratives Portugal was the major seafaring nation on the globe. http://spanish.colorado.edu/content/volume-3-travel-narratives-latin-america-columbus-new-age "Volume 3: Travel Narratives in Latin America: From Columbus to the New Age," Spanish and Portuguese Studies, University of Colorado, Boulder. Primary sources in Spanish. http://www.digplanet.com/wiki/Gaspar_de_Carvajal Gaspar de Carvajal, Dominican Priest who wrote about an ill-fated journey down the Amazon River in 1542, digplanet.com. http://gradworks.umi.com/32/87/3287103.html Beatriz Carolina Pena, "Images of the New World in Travel Narratives (1599-1607) of friar Diego de Ocana," Ph.D. dissertation, City University of New York, 2007. UMI Pro Quest Dissertations & Theses. Read abstract of paper and then one can order complete dissertation, or if your library subscribes to ProQuest (PWDT) database you may be entitled to free copy, or can read a free 24 pp. pdf Preview in Spanish. http://www.common-place.org/vol-07/no-04/author/ Peter C. Mancall, " The Architect of Colonial Desires: Richard Hakluyt and the English in America," "Common-Place," Ask the Author, Vol. 7, No. 4, July 2007. http://www.hakluyt.org/about/ Hakluyt Society website with plans to produce Hakluyt's The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation (2nd edition 1598-1600). Hakluyt's work is most likely the most important piece of travel writing in English history. See more on Hakluyt Society: http://www.hakluyt.com/ Hakluyt Society. http://www.hakluyt.com/hak-soc-bibliography.htm Hakluyt Society bibliography 1847-2011. http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/hakluyt.html Richard Hakluyt And from an H-World post below: Posted August 7, 2012. From: Guido van Meersbergen [email protected] University College London On behalf of the Hakluyt Society, publisher of travel accounts and geographical literature since 1846, I would like to inform you about the Society's latest publication: Pedro Páez's History of Ethiopia , 1622, ed. Isabel Boavida, Hervé Pennec and Manuel João Ramos, transl. Christopher J. Tribe, 2 vols (Farnham, UK and Burlington, VT, USA, 2011–12). 966pp, 19 b&w illns, ISBN 978-1-908145-02-4 (hbk), £100.00 (Website price: £90.00). The Historia da Etiópia by the Spanish Jesuit missionary Pedro Páez (1564–1622) offers a rich eyewitness account of early modern Portuguese missions to East Africa. An essential source for the study of Catholic missions to Ethiopia, relations between European religious orders, and ethnographic writing, it also sheds light on the political and territorial administration of Ethiopia and the political geography, ecology, flora and fauna of the Horn of Africa, southern Arabia and the western Indian Ocean region. This English translation, by Christopher J. Tribe was edited by Isabel Boavida, Hervé Pennec and Manuel João Ramos, the editors of the 2008 Portuguese critical edition upon which the translation is based. The Hakluyt Society's edition makes this important exemplar of seventeenth-century Jesuit writing on Ethiopia available to an international audience. It complements other early accounts of Ethiopia by Ludovico de Varthema, Francisco Alvares, Castanhoso, Bermudez, Arnold von Harff, Manoel de Almeida, Bahrey, Alessandro Zorzi, Jerónimo Lobo and Václav Prutky, all published by the Hakluyt Society. For further information or to order a copy, visit: http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9781908145024

For the Hakluyt Society, see: http://www.hakluyt.com/ http://www.facebook.com/HakluytSociety https://twitter.com/HakluytSociety With very best wishes, Guido van Meersbergen (PhD-student at University College London) http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/libraries/rare/modernity/travel.html "Origins of Modernity-Travel Literature," University of Sydney Library (Australia), 1540-1800 online exhibition from Rare Book Library at University of Sydney. This section on travel literature. See example of Samuel Purchas (1577-1626) English compiler of travel accounts and contemporary of Richard Hakluyt: http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/libraries/rare/modernity/purchas.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Purchas "Samuel Purchas," Wikipedia. English compiler, editor of British travel narratives. His third book was an effort to complete Richard Hakluyt works after Hakluyt's death in 1616. Purchas' first volume " Purchas His Pilgramage," 1613 was one of the sources of inspiration for Willliam Taylor Coleridge's "Kubla Khan" poem. See analysis of "Kubla Khan" by Jalal Uddia Khan, "Coleridge's 'Kubal Khan:' a new historicist study," The Free Library, Jan. 1, 2012: http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Coleridge%27s+Kubla+Khan%3a+a+new+historicist+study.-a0302403821 See more on Coleridge in next period-1750-1900 or in Lesson's section at end of this article. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh//aia/part1/1i3023.html "Betty Wood on the propaganda to settle the New World," Resource Book/Page for PBS documentary "Africans in the New World: The Terrible Transformation," Pt. 1-4 (1450-1865). Oxford University historian, Dr. Wood, helped prepare resources and European travel accounts as to written propaganda to secure investment capital and to persuade people to travel to the dangerous New World. See Teacher's Guide: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh//aia/tguide/1index.html http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/travel-as-metaphor Georges Van den Abbeele, " Travel as Metaphor From Montaigne to Rousseau," University of Minnesota Press, 1991. Short description and review of book. http://www2.lib.virginia.edu/rmds/portfolio/gordon/travel/ "French Travel Narratives in the Renaissance," Gordon Collection, University of Virginia Library. Jean de Lery, Andre Thevet, Charles Estienne, and Abel Jouan travel narratives can be viewed as digital facsimiles in this portfolio. http://ageofex.marinersmuseum.org/index.php?type=travelwriter&id=2 "Bernal Diaz," Mariners' Museum section on Travel writers. Diaz accounts of the Spanish colonization of the Americas is titled "The Conquest of New Spain." See other European explorer writers listed on right side of synopsis of Diaz and include Theodore de Bry, Antonio Pigafetta, Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes amongst others. See "Activities" tab on upper right of this page-teacher lessons. (Also seen in Lessons section of this article below) http://books.google.com/books/about/Lieutenant_Nun.html?id=FAtuo0MYVZwC Catalina de Eranso (Trans. by Michele Stepto and Gabriel Stepto), " Lieutenant Nun: Memoir of a Basque Transvestite in the New World," Boston: Beacon Press, 1996. Catalina de Eranso (1585-1650) travel memoir of a Spanish nun turned battle hardened soldier in the Americas where she was promoted to the rank of lieutenant at Valdiva in the southern Andes. See more: http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/lieutenantnun/context.html Catalina de Eranso's Lieutenant Nun: Memoir of a Basque Transvestite in the New World," Boston: Beacon Press, 1996. Lessons from Sparknotes. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=-dVVITqWJ-QC&oi=fnd&pg=PR10&dq=travel+narratives+in+dialogue&ots=WUmywQbfwa&sig=kP0Ya3JDJ1n6yI6pJVm-TB2QSJY#v=onepage&q=travel%20narratives%20in%20dialogue&f=false Google Book-Mary C. Fuller, Voyages in Print: English Travel to America 1576-1624 , Cambridge University Press, 1995. Mary Fuller focuses on printed texts which were generated by and helped to generate English entry into American discovery and colonization, specifically from Sir Humphrey Gilbert's Discourse of Discovery to John Smith's Generall Historie. http://www.americanjourneys.org/ "Eyewitness Accounts of Early American Exploration and Settlement: A Digital Library and Learning Center," 2011 Wisconsin Historical Society. Resources and primary documents from the Vikings to Mountain Men explorations and settlement in American history. http://www.pacificislandtravel.com/culture_gallery/explorers/detorres.asp "Luis Vaez de Torres," Pacific Explorers Library, Pacific Island Travel website, 2007. Torres Strait named after this explorer who's documents and jounal found after his death. http://www.broadviewpress.com/product.php?productid=782&cat=0&page=1 Oldest American sea farer autobiography edited by Daniel Vickers. 1728 ff. Broad View Press. http://books.google.com/books/about/Colonian_American_Travel_Narrative.html?id=hyHPRok2FnsC Wendy Martin, ed., " Colonial American Travel Narratives," (Google eBook), Penguin, 1994. Four journeys by Mary Rowlandson, Sarah Kemble Knight, William Byrd II, and Dr. Alexander Hamilton recounted as primary source documents detailing the rugged colonial American landscape. http://www.archive.org/stream/jesuits59jesuuoft/jesuits59jesuuoft_djvu.txt Reuben Gold Thwaites (Wisconsin Historical Society), ed., " The Jesuit relations and allied documents: Travel and explorations of the Jesuit missionaries in New France 1610-1791, Volume 59 ," Cleveland: the Burrows Brother's Company/Imperial Press, 1900. Full Text seen in Internet Archive. See also " The Jesuit Relations," Athabasca University Library (Canada). The Jesuit Relations were 73 volumes of letters and reports which Jesuit missionaries wrote back to France over a forty year period from New France. The first Jesuit mission was in Acadia in 1611. http://canadian-writers.athabascau.ca/english/writers/jrelations/jrelations.php See complete The Jesuit Relations link at bottom of this page. http://books.google.ca/books/about/The_Jesuits_1534_1921.html?id=S4MsAAAAYAAJ (Google Book) Thomas Joseph Campbell, "The Jesuits 1534-1921: a history of the Society of Jesus from its foundation to the present time," Encyclopedia Press, 1921, Digitized September 9, 2008, 937 pages. http://www.historiclakes.org/S_de_Champ/S_de_Champlain.html James P. Millard, "Samuel de Champlain Adventures in New France," America's Historic Lakes-the Lake Champlain and Lake George Historic Site, 2009. See links to Champlain's other volumes within this page. Note Champlain's 16 year old indentured servant, Etienne Brule, experiences living with the Huron recorded by Champlain below. http://www3.sympatico.ca/goweezer/canada/z16brule1.htm "Etienne Brule-Life Among the Hurons," Sympatico (Canada). Etienne Brule, the first courreur-de-bois (runner of the woods) lived with the Quebec Hurons in the early 17the century and his verbal accounts were recorded by Samuel Champlain and Jesuits.

Africa: http://erea.revues.org/703 Tabish Khair, Martin Leer, Justin Edwards & Hanna Ziadeh, eds., " Other Routes-1500 Years of African and Asian Travel Writing," Signal Books, 2006. Collection of non-European African and Asian Travel Writing. http://www.dwrl.utexas.edu/orgs/e3w/volume-12-spring-2012/2012-general-section/connie-steel-on-the-anatomy-of-blackness "Connie Steel on 'The Anatomy of Blackness," E3W Review of Books, Volume 12, Spring 2012 seen on dwrl.utexas.edu site. Review of Andrew Curran, " The Anatomy of Blackness," John Hopkins University Press, 2011. Curran analyzes the writing of "blackness" or the figure of the 'negre' by canonical authors in the French Enlightenment. http://dannyreviews.com/h/Africa_Discovery_Europe.html David Northrup, " Africa's Discovery of Europe 1450-1850," Oxford University Press, 2002 review by dannyreviews, Danny Yee's Book Reviews 2008. Northrup's book includes many travel narratives, especially of Africans and their views of the colonial Europeans. http://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/guide/afr-encounters.html "African Peoples' Encounters with Others," African Collections-Library of Congress An Illustrated Guide, November 15, 2010. See many resources, travel accounts of African encounters with Europe and the Americas-1300's ff. http://www.unc.edu/~ottotwo/blackatlantic.html Review by Kathryn Rummell of " Black Atlantic World of the 18th Century: Living the New Exodus in England and the Americas ," ed. by Adam Potkay & Sandra Burr, The Journal of African Travel Writing, Number 1, September 1996, pp. 94-95. http://www.ampltd.co.uk/collections_az/SlaveMorice/highlights.aspx "Slave Trade Journals and Papers," Adam Matthews Publications. Oversight of these sources by David Richardson, University of Hull (UK). Slave Journals of Humphrey Morice (1671?-1731) leading British slave trader. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/mysteries-of-great-zimbabwe.html Peter Tyson, "Mysteries of Great Zimbabwe," Nova, PBS, posted February 22, 2000. Note 1552 reference in Portuguese history Da Asia by Joao de Barros, who did not travel to the Shona homeland, but surmised that the edifice was Axuma, one of the cities of the Queen of Sheba. In 1931, Gertrude Caton-Thompson revealed the truth. http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/Portugal/Imperial.html "Portugal and Renaissance Europe-Imperial Portugal and European Printing: Propaganda, Epics, and the Writing of History," The John Carter Brown Library, Brown University @ 2008. See reference to Joao de Barros and travel accounts Fernas Lopes de Castanheda's (d. 1559) " History of the Portuguese Discovery and Conquest of India." Castanheda had sailed to Goa in 1528 as a Portuguese scribe returning to Portugal in 1538. See also Luis de Camoes who served in Portugal India 1553-1570 and who earlier had lost an eye to a splinter fighting in Africa 1546-1549. de Camoes 1570 " Lusiads," was an epic poem combining history, current events, mythology and imagination. Other travel Portuguese travel accounts in Africa (specifically Mutapa or Shona Kingdom) can be found in Joaodos Santos (1625), Antonio Sequeira and Gaspar Azevedo who write about the "chibadi" or Mutapa men who dress like women. Also, the early Portuguese "backwoodsmen" or sertanejo who traveled into the interior of the Shona kingdom 1512-1516 are interesting stories also seen in Joao de Barros Da Asia. http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i8727.html Luis de Camoes, "The Collected Lyric Poems of Luis de Camoes," trans. by Landeg White, Princeton University Press, 2008. Camoes poetry where he describes his travels all over the globe, including 16th century Africa. See more of "exile" travels of Camoes: http://www.catholicity.com/encyclopedia/c/camoes,luis_vaz_de.html J.D.M Ford, "Luis Vaz de Camoes," (or Camoens), Catholic City @ 1996-2013 from the Catholic Encyclopedia. http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2006/788/bo9.htm Hicham Safieddine, "Discover the World Through non-European Eyes," Al-Ahram, March 30-April 5, 2006. Review of " Other Routes-1500 Years of African and Asian Travel Writing." http://www.hindu.com/lr/2006/02/05/stories/2006020500050100.htm Soma Basu, "Different Journeys and Destinations," The Hindu, February 5, 2006. Review of " Other Routes." http://www.gutenberg.org/files/35738/35738-h/35738-h.htm Gomes Eannes de Azurara, The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea, Vol. I, originally published by the Hakluyt Society, trans. by Charles Raymond Beazley and Edgar Prestage. Published in Portugal for the King 1463. de Azurara spent a year in Guinea studying the scenes of which he would describe as to Portuguese exploration and settlement of Guinea. Gutenberg Book. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/leo_afri.asp "Leo Africanus: Description of Timbuktu from 'The Description of Africa' (1526), Fordham.edu. El Hasan ben Muhammed el-Wazzan-ez-Zayyati born in Moorish Granda 1485 expelled in 1492 travelled throughout North Africa into sub-Saharan Ghana. Captured by Christian pirates and presented to Renaissance Pope Leo X who freed him to write about Africa. http://www.historytoday.com/jos-damen/dutch-letters-ghana Jos Damen, "Dutch Letters From Ghana," History Today, August 2012. Willem van Focquenbroch d. 1670 and Jacobus Capitein d. 1747 lived in Dutch colony on Gold Coast (now part of Ghana). http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?ref=SERP&br=ro&mkt=en-US&dl=en&lp=NL_EN&a=http%3a%2f%2fwww.focquenbroch.nl%2f Capitein was black man who supported slavery and attempted to convert Blacks to Christianity. Living in different centuries, Focquenbroch and Capitein leave us travel narratives giving us insight into the Dutch colony on the Gold Coast (now called Ghana) in the 17th and 18th centuries.

South Asia: http://www.digplanet.com/wiki/Abdur_Razzaq "Abdu Razzaq," digplanet.com/wiki. Abdu Razzaq (1413-1482), Persian Timirud ambassador's chronicles describing his travels to India. http://hssthistory.blogspot.in/2011/06/accounts-of-abdur-razzak.html "Accounts of Abdur Razzak," History Blog from the Department of History, Unity Women's College, Manjeri, June 21, 2011. Abdu Razzaq or Abdur Razzak travel accounts of southern India (History of Kerala). http://www.amitavghosh.com/essays/love_war.html Amitav Ghosh, "Love and War in Afghanistan and Central Asia: The Life of the Emperor Babur," Amitav Ghosh website, 2002. An Amitav Ghosh essay critiquing and analyzing Babur's military memoir (travel narrative), " Babarnama." Ghosh ranks Babur's memoirs along with Xenophon and Julius Caesar's memoirs. See this history at: http://archive.org/stream/baburnamainengli01babuuoft/baburnamainengli01babuuoft_djvu.txt " Baburnama in English," Internet Archive. Complete Baburnama memoir in English. First Mughal emperor Babur (1483-1530). http://www.ibtauris.com/Books/Lifestyle%20sport%20%20leisure/Travel%20%20holiday/Travel%20writing/Classic%20 travel%20writing/Visions%20of%20Mughal%20India%20An %20Anthology%20of%20European%20Travel%20Writing.aspx Michael H. Fisher and William Dalrymple, " Visions of Mughal India: An Anthology of European Travel Writers," I.B. Tauris, 2007. I.B. Tauris website description of Fisher and Dalrymple's ten carefully chosen travel narratives of Renaissance Europeans to Mughal India. http://www.digplanet.com/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Ramusio "Giovanni Battista Ramusio," digplanet wiki. Ramusio (1485-1557) was the editor of travel books, geographer, and a diplomat representing the Venetian government. http://books.google.com/books/about/Giovanni_Battista_Ramusio_and_the_Histor.html?id=15k0MlswzhEC (Google Book) Jerome Randall Barnes, "Giovanni Battista Ramusio and the History of Discoveries: An Analysis of Ramusio's Commentary, Cartography, and Imagery in 'Delle Navigation Et Viaggi,'" ProQuest, 2007. http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/20454064/1531355876/name/Fisher%282007%29.pdf Michael H. Fisher, "From India to England and Back: Early Indian Travel Narratives for Indian Readers." Fisher, in this 20+ page pdf essay discusses Indian travel writing since 1600. See India and Asia travel writers and travel accounts in Dr. Fisher's footnotes. Also see more Indian travel writers, such as Dean Mahomet in next section 1750-1900. http://www.amazon.com/narrative-transactions-Soobahdaries-Translated-original/dp/1140889729 Salim Allah Munshi, " A narrative of the transactions in Bengal, during the Soobahdaries of Azeen Us Shah,...Translated from original Persian by Francis Gladwin, Esq . originally published in Calcutta: from the press of Stuart and Cooper, 1788 and more recently Gale ECCO, Print edition, May 28, 2010. Account and ledger book which is primary source record of British East India Company travels and business written by a "munshi" or Persian accountant/interpreter working with the English East India Company. Thus business accounts as travel narrative. See more on the history and workings of a munshi: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munshi "Munshi," wikipedia.org. http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_alam_subramanyam_munshi.pdf Muzaffar Alam & Sanjay Subrahmanyam, "The Making of a Munshi," Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 24:2 (2004). http://core.kmi.open.ac.uk/display/1382030 Natasha Eatan, "Imaging Empire: the trafficking of art and aesthetics in British India c. 1722-c. 1795," PhD thesis for the University of Warwick (UK), 2000, dissertation provided by Warwick Research Archives Portal Repository. Ms. Eatan's thesis paper could be interpreted as "Art as travel narrative" between England and Mughal India in the 18th century. http://www.ashgate.com/default.aspx?page=637&title_id=&edition_id= 22247&calcTitle=1 Chloe Houston (University of Reading, UK), ed., " New Worlds Reflected-Travel and Utopia in the Early Modern Period , Asghate, 2010. http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1067&context=r_gould Abdulghani and Mirzoev, "Facts of the history of literary contacts between Mawarannahr and India in the second half of the 16th and at the beginnings of the 17th centuries," XXVI International Congress of Orientalists-Papers Presented by the Russian delegation, Moscow: January 1963, seen in the Selected Works website of Rebecca Gould. Poets to India. http://www.amazon.com/In-Lands-Christians-Writing-Century/dp/0415932289 Nabil Matar, " In the Lands of the Christians, Routledge, 2002. Arab Travel writing in the 17th century by Christian and Muslim travelers. See reviews and book description.

Asia: http://www.enotes.com/eighteenth-century-travel-narratives-essays/eighteenth-century-travel-narratives "Introduction: Eighteenth Century Travel Narratives," eNotes, Literary Criticism (1400-1800), Gale Cengage @2002. See tabs on left for more travel narratives. http://books.google.com/books/about/An_Account_of_Tibet.html?id=HEx9Xg78YNoC Ippolito Desideri, " An Account of Tibet: The Travels of Ippolito Desideri of Pistoia S.J. 1712-1727 ," Asian Education Services, January 1, 1996. See google book cotents cited quotations. See more on the Jesuit Italian missionary (1684-1733): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ippolito_Desideri http://suite101.com/article/the-bold-and-the-beautifulearly-women-travel-writers-a333194 Posted by Chris Schmidt, "The Bold and the Beautiful-Early Women Travel Writers," seen in Suite101.com, January 16, 2011. Women travel writers from 1600's. http://www.silk-road.com/newsletter/vol3num1/6_turkistan.php Nathan Light (Miami University, Oxford, Ohio), "Annotated Bibliography of the History and Culture of Eastern Turkistan, Jungharia/Zungaria/Dzungaria, Chinese Central Asia, and Sinkiang/Xinjiang (for the 16th-20th centuries CE, excluding most travel narratives," Silk Road Foundations newsletter, nd. Travel accounts related to formal expeditions are included. http://www.silk-road.com/newsletter/vol3num1/8_khataynameh.php "Last document of the Silk Road by Khataynammeh," Silk Road Newsletter, Vol. 3, No. 1. http://www.drben.net/ChinaReport/Sources/China_Maps/China_Empire_History/Map-EurAsian_Trade_Routes-1200-1300AD-1A.html "Map-EurAsian Trade Routes-1200-1300 AD," drben.net China Report website. Large topographical map of Silk Road. See DrBen Home: http://www.drben.net/ http://www.questia.com/library/1G1-68535764/basho-and-the-mastery-of-poetic-space-in-oku-no-hosomichi Steven D. Carter, "Basho and the Mastery of Poetic Spaces in Oku No Hosomichi ," The Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 120, No. 2, April-June 2000, seen in questia in partial form, ie., the beginning of the article. Matsuo Basho (1644-1694) wrote six travel accounts and Carter claims he is the best of Japanese travel writers following in tradition of Ki No Tsurayuki who wrote the Tosa Diary in 735 CE. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/geopedia/Matsuo_Basho "Matsuo Basho," National Geographic Geopedia, June 17, 2008. Introduction by Michelle Harris to series of articles on Japanese Edo period poet (1644-1689) famous for his travels, haiku (hokku) and renku poetry. http://books.google.com/books/about/Mapping_early_modern_Japan.html?id=y1mPhE8885kC Marcia Yonemoto, " Mapping Early Modern Japan: Space, Place, and Culture in the Tokugawa Period, 1603-1868," University of California Press, 2003. See travel writing chapters available as excerpts on books.google.com. http://www.fabula.org/actualites/m-harrigan-veiled-encounters-representing-the-orient-in-17th-century-french-travel-literature_26354.php M. Harrigan, " Veiled Encounters. Representing the Orient in 17th Century French Travel Literature," fabula, Rodopi, Collection "Faux Titre," 2010 EAN 13: 9789042024762. http://goodjesuitbadjesuit.blogspot.com/2012/01/bento-de-gois-sj-seeking-cathay-he.html "Bento de Gois S.J., Seeking Cathay he Found Heaven," Good Jesuit Bad Jesuit blog, January 2012. Jesuit de Gois sent to China to see if Marco Polo was telling the truth. See de Gois travel narratives:

Góis, Bento, In Cathay and the Way Thither, Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China , translated and edited by Henry Yule, 2 vols, 1866 and Góis, Bento, " The Travels of Benedict Goëz, a Portuguese Jesuit" in A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels , edited by John Pinkerton, 1808[-]14: vol. 7. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/10185/1/MatteoRicci.pdf Francesco Guardiani, "The West Shall Shake the East Awake-Matteo Ricci (1552-1610). A Jesuit in China," University of Toronto Library, nd. Guardiani highlights Ricci's travels in China and comments on his travel writing, ie., Letters, Commentaries ,or rather On the Entry of the Society of Jesus and Christendom in China.

Europe: http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=yUOGQSpUmwgC&oi=fnd&pg=PP9&ots=PvJz7x7s8N&sig=Tu9A-P18I Y5PorjXmHDg_GuDAYc#v=onepage&q&f=false (Google Book) Kumkum Chatterjee and Clement Hawes, eds., " Europe Observed: Multiple Gazes in Early Modern Encounters," New Jersey: Associate University Presses @ 2008 by Rosemount Publishing & Printing Company. Chatterjee and Hawes gather multiple perspectives of travelers from outside Europe and their views of c. 1350-1800 Europe. (see selected passages in this google book). http://www.stm.unipi.it/Clioh/tabs/libri/7/03-Esser_33-48.pdf Raingard E B er (University of the West of England, Bristol), "Cultures in Contact: The Representation of the 'Other' in Early Modern German Travel Narratives," July 2003. Dr. E B er's article (17 pp. pdf) is the first chapter of this essay in which he discusses the historiography of 'otherness' in German literature and history and, secondly, analyzes the German agenda on "intercultural research" especially through the collection of travel narratives published by the de Bry family in Frankfurt. The focus in on the 16th and 17th centuries. http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=11204 Kersten Horn (Department of Anthropology and Language, University of Missouri-St. Louis) review of Elio Brancaforte, "Visions of Persia: Mapping the Travels of Adam Olearius," Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003. Published on H-German (October 2005) as "The Interplay between Maps, Illustrations, and Texts in the World of Adam Olearius." Adam Olearius was a German author, artist, cartographer, and traveler (1633-1639) who journeyed into the Persian East. http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/bell_john.htm "Significant Scots-John Bell," Electricscotland.com. Account of early eighteenth century traveler John Bell, born in 1691 trained in medicine, and traveller to Russia where he was employed by the Russian court to join expeditions to Central Asia, Siberia and China. His one travel narrative was " Travels from St. Petersburgh in Russia to Various Parts of Asia," 2 Vols., 1763. http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Songs_and_Travels_of_a_Tudor_Minstre.html?id=uj3aBbVG5IMC Andrew Taylor, " The Songs and Travels of a Tudor Minstrel: Richard Sheale of Tamworth," Boydell & Brewer Ltd., 2012. Taylor examines Richard Sheales' English travel narrative to shed more light on the importance and significance of minstrel singers, ie., he was not a simple busker, beggar or thief. Wikipedia disagrees: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sheale

Middle East: https://www.lib.washington.edu/subject/History/BI/hst388-schmidt/art.pdf Amanda Wunder (U. of Wisconsin-Madison), "Western Travelers, Eastern Antiquities, and the Image of the Turk in early Modern Europe," seen on Dr. Schmidt's History site, U. of Washington Library. http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2011/06/12/the-arab-world-s-greatest-travel-writer.html "The Arab World's Greatest Travel Writer," The Daily Beast, 6/12/2012. Ottoman Turk Evliya Celebi b. 1611, travelled for 45 years writing about his experiences until he dies in Egypt. His travels and writings places him on par with Marco Polo and ibn Battuta. http://www.thelongridersguild.com/anatolian.htm "The Evliya Celebi Way Project-In the Steps of Historical Long Rider Evliya Celebi," The Long Rider's Guild, 2011. Several scholars and plantsmen followed Celebi's tracks to honor his travels. In 2011 UNESCO honored the Turk traveler naming 2011 the Year of Evliya Celebi. See Evliya Celebi website with excellent map of his route: http://cultureroutesinturkey.com/c/evliya-celebi-way/ http://www.hum.uu.nl/medewerkers/m.vanbruinessen/publications/Evliya_Celebi_Kurdistan.htm Martin van Bruinessen, "Kurdistan in the 16th and 17th centuries, as reflected in Evlija Celebi's ' Seyahatname ,'" The Journal of Kurdish Studies 3 (2000), 1-11. References to Sharaf Khan Bidlisi, " Sharafname," travel narrative written 60 years before Celebi's 10 thick volumes, " Book of Travels (Seyahatname)." http://kurdistanica.com/?q=node/10 See information on Sharaf Khan Bidlisi: Professor M. R. Izady, "Prince Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi," Kurdistanica.com, February 24, 2008. The Sharafname is a collection of dynastic histories and is the single most important surviving text on Kurdistan history and people. http://www.hindu.com/br/2008/08/19/stories/2008081950161500.htm (Book Review) Kanakalatha Mukund, "Travel Encounters," The Hindu, August 19, 2008. Mukund reviews Muzaffer Alam and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, "Indo-Persian Travels in the Age of Discoveries 1400-1800, New Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 2007. The two authors focus on non-Western Travel Literature, especially between Persia and India, which exists in large volume yet is unpublicized. http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/The_three_Brothers.html?id=w2VCAAAAcAAJ (Google Ebook) " The Three Brothers: Or, the Travels and Adventures of Sir Anthony, Sir Robert & Sir Thomas Sherley, in Persia, Russia, Turkey, Spain, etc.," Hurst, Robinson, 1825. Digitized May 4, 2010. The Sherley brother's travel accounts were also turned into an early Jacobean era stage play written in 1607 entitled, "The Travels of the Three English Brothers." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Travels_of_the_Three_English_Brothers The Shirley brothers are referred to as "fortune hunters" in Safavid accounts. See the historical context for Safavid dynasty desire/motivation to hire the Shirley brothers to help modernize their military in 1598 by seeing their military defeats after taking Persia in 1502: http://fouman.com/Y/Get_Iranian_History_Today.php?eraid=19 "The Iranian History Era, Safavid Dynasty 1502-1736 AD," Iranian History. http://teachmiddleeast.lib.uchicago.edu/historical-perspectives/middle-east-seen-through-foreign-eyes/antiquity-modern/image-resource-bank/image-13.html "Middle East Through Foreign Eyes/Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century," Teaching the Middle East: A Resource for Educators @ 2010 The Oriental Institute, the University of Chicago, page updated 12/29/2010. Image of Robert Shirley and his wife in Persia. http://wasalaam.wordpress.com/2008/04/12/history-reality-and-the-ottomans/ "History, Reality and the Ottomans," SEYFETTIN-The Travelogues of a Traveler blogsite, April 12, 2008. Discussion as to European travel writing on the Ottomans and Ottoman territories.

Middle East: http://www.odsg.org/Said_Edward(1977)_Orientalism.pdf "Said, Edward (1977) Orientalism , London: Penguin." 365 pp. pdf. Said's classic analysis of Western views toward the Middle East with much of that perspective shaped by colonial era travel writers and their narrative accounts. http://rbedrosian.com/Trav/trav.html Dr. Robert G. Bedrosian, "Traveller's Accounts: Journeys to the Armenian Highlands and Neighboring Lands in the 17th and early 20th centuries," last updated April 29, 2012. http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/ordeal-of-elizabeth-marsh-linda-colley/1100618678 Linda Colley's, The Ordeal of Elizabeth Marsh connects Caribbean, Mediterranean, and Indian Ocean shipping through the presence of the British navy and the experience of one family. Marsh (1735-1785) was first women to publish in English from Morocco and also wrote travel narratives from southern India. http://www.nysun.com/arts/around-the-world-with-elizabeth-marsh/61493/ Matthew Price, "Around the world with Elizabeth Marsh," NY Sun, August 29, 2007. Price book review of Linda Colley's The Ordeal of Elizabeth Marsh, Harper Perennial, 2008. http://books.google.com/books/about/Great_women_travel_writers.html?id=tUB2gFL3Y6sC (Google EBook) Alba Della Fazia Amoia and Bettina Liebowitz Knapp, eds., " Great Women Travel Writers: From 1750 to the Present," Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005. http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/201301/the.explorations.of.fr.d.ric.cailliaud.htm Andrew Bednarski and W. Benson Harer Jr., "The Explorations of Frederic Cailliaud," Saudi Aramco World, Jan/Feb 2013. Early 19th century French explorer, scientist and popular French journal writer traveled through Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia. http://books.google.com/books/about/On_the_desert.html?id=jS9PAAAAYAAJ (Google EBook) Henry Martyn Field, "On the desert: a narrative of travel from Egypt through the wilderness of Sinai to Palestine," T. Nelson, 1887, digitized June 2010. http://archive.org/stream/narrativetravel00clapgoog/narrativetravel00clapgoog_djvu.txt " Travels and Discoveries in the Years 1822, 1823, and 1824 by Major Denham, F.R.S., Captain Clapperton, and the Late Doctor Oudnay, 2 Vol., London: John Murray, Albemarle-Street, Internet Archives digitized book. Travel narratives of English discoverers in North Africa. http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/leightonarabhall/travel2.html "Leighton and the Middle East. Forgotten Voices of 19th century travel and exploration," Leighton House Museum, London. http://www.amazon.com/Flaubert-Egypt-sensibility-narrative-Flauberts/dp/0897330196 Francis Steegmuller, " Flaubert in Egypt: A sensibility on tour: a narrative drawn from Gustave Flaubert's travel notes & letters," Academic Chicago Limited, 1979. Steegmuller's use Flaubert's own notes, letters, etc. to transcribe a travel account of Flaubert's 1849 travels into Egypt, Cairo and the Red Sea. http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/leightonarabhall/travel2.html "Forgotten Voices of 19th century Travel and Exploration," Leighton House Museum (UK). Website tab discussing "forgotten" travel writers visiting Europe and Europeans visiting the Middle East including Turkish woman Zyneb Hanoun, Egyptian male scholar Rifa'a al-Tahtawi and other female travellers. http://www.ndu.edu.lb/academics/faculty_research/fh/naji~oueijan/Oueijan3.pdf Naji Oueijan (Notre Dame University, Lebanon), "Perceptions and Misconceptions: Islam in Nineteenth Century Art and Literature," 10 pp. pdf essay. Dr. Oueijan discusses images of Islam through European art saying it was not all negative. Art as travel narrative. http://www.h2g2.com/approved_entry/A32779119 "Johann Ludwig Burckhardt, 'Sheikh Ibrahim,'" h2g2, May 27, 2008, updated June 5, 2008. See quotes from Burckhardt's travel narratives in this article. See also: http://www.bookrags.com/research/johann-ludwig-burckhardt-scit-051/ Traveler, explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt 1784-1817 founded Petra archaeology finds in Jordan and first non-Muslim to give us eye-witness account of Mecca and the Hajj. Wrote five travel journals about his trips to Petra, Alleppo, Syria, Cairo, sailed the Nile River several times to Shendy in the Sudan, Saharan trade route to Timbuktu. Book Rags Research. http://origins.osu.edu/review/journeys-other-shore-muslim-and-western-travelers-search-knowledge Mary Sitzenstatter review, Roxanne L. Euben, " Journeys to the Other Shore Muslim and Western Travelers Search for Knowledge" Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006 seen in "Origins" Ohio State University history website, February review 2007. http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674073340 Roberta Micallef and Sunil Sharma (Boston University), ed., "On the Wonders of Land and Sea," Harvard University Press, May 2013. A comparative study of non-European travel writing in the eastern Islamic or Persianate world from 18th through early 20th century. Each essay investigates a Muslim or Persianate traveler (Parsi/Zoroastrian) both male and female travels to the Hijaz, Iraq, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, India and Europe. http://rangandatta.wordpress.com/2012/01/25/parsi-zoroastrian-fire-temple-calcutta-kolkata/ Rangan Datta, "Parsi (Zoroastrian) Fire Temple, Calcutta, Rangan Datta Travel Writing blog, January 25, 2012. http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2009/nov/03/18th-19th-century-travel-writing Louise Tickle, "Early Adventures in Travel Writing," The Guardian, November 2, 2009. Ms. Tickle discusses research project by Professor Robin Jarvis, University of the West of England, which studies how 18th-19th century European reading public perceived explorer travel narratives. http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/journeys-from-scandinavia Elizabeth Oxfeldt, ed., " Journeys From Scandinavia-Travelogues of Africa, Asia and South America, 1840-2000," University of Minnesota Press, 2010. Oxfeldt exhibits eight Danish and Norwegian authors which display change over time of Scandinavian Travel Writing over two centuries. http://evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com/gobineau.htm Comte Francis de Gobineau, " Three Years in Asia 1855-1858 ," Athenaeum Library of Philosophy. One of the fathers of Western Racism was also a traveler who wrote about his travels in Iran.

Central Asia: http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/walking-with-nain-singh/article4364702.ece Shyam G. Menon, "Walking With Nain Singh," The Hindu, February 2, 2013. See also: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/tibet/ascend/singh.html "Nain Singh's Lost Exploration," PBS Frontline, Dreams of Tibet from "T he Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia ," by Derek Walter, University Press of Kentucky, 1990. Tibetan guide trained by British in late 19th century to map the region. Nain Singh's diaries seen in Bhatt And Pathak: Himalya ki Peeth Par. http://books.google.com/books/about/Servant_of_Sahibs.html?id=BhdTqFwVUQ4C Rassul Galwan, " Servant of the Sahibs: The Rare 19th Century Travel Account as told by a Native of Ladakh," Asian Education Services, 1923. Rassul Galwan's travel narratives of guiding Europeans through central Asia in the late 19th century. http://books.google.com/books/about/Soldier_and_traveller.html?id=5X9CAAAAIAAJ (Google ebook-free) Colonel Alexander Gardner, " Soldier and Traveller: Memoirs of Alexander Gardner, Colonel of Artillery in the service of Maharaja Ranjit Singh," W. Blackwood, 1898. http://www.uzbekjourneys.com/2012/05/alexander-bokhara-burnes-great-game.html "Alexander 'Bokhara' Burnes-Great Game Player," Uzbek Journeys, May 15, 2012. Scot Captain Alexander Burns (1805-1841) recounts his travels through Central Asia in his three volume narrative, " Travels into Bokhma: A Voyage up the Indus to Lahore and a Journey to Cabool, Tartary and Persia in 1835." http://www.uzbekjourneys.com/2011/07/arminius-vambery-dervish-spy-in-central.html "Arminius Vambery Dervish Spy in Central Asia," Uzbek Journeys, Vambery was born a poor Hungarian Jew who found he had a gift for languages. He taught language as a young man, was the first to publish a German- Turkish dictionary in 1858, and was recruited by the British Foreign Office to spy on the Russians in cental Asia as part of the Great Game geopolitical rivalry with Russia. He disguised himself as a dervish and survived to write his travel narrative in 1864, " Travels in Asia." http://www.academia.edu/435878/Propaganda_through_Travel_Writing_Frederick_Burnabys_Contribution_to_Great_Game_British_Politics Sinan Akilli (Hacettepe University Faculty of Letters), "Propaganda Through Travel Writing: Frederick Burnaby's Contribution to Great Game British Politics,"Edebiyat Fak Itesi Dergisi/Journal of Faculty of Letters Cilt/Volume 26 Say/Number 1 (Haziran/June 2009) seen in Academia.edu @2009 Hacellepe University Faculty of Letters. 1870's British officer, Frederick Burnaby, was pro-Turk, anti-Russian, pro-Imperialist who's writings supported British Disreali Tories' imperialist politics. Sinan Akilli analyzes Burnaby's travel writings, " Ride to Khiva: Travels and Adventures in Central Asia (1876) and " On Horseback through Asia Minor (1877)" as imperialist British propaganda in support of British efforts in containing Russian expansion in India and central Asia. http://books.google.com/books/about/Russia_on_the_Black_Sea_and_Sea_of_Azof.html?id=rSsBAAAAMAAJ (Google eBook) Henry Danby Seymour, " Russia on the Black Sea and Sea of Azof: Being a Narrative of Travels in the Crimea and Bordering Provinces with Notices of the Naval, Military, and Commercial Resources of Those Countries," London: John Murrary, 1855, digitized July 6, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/09/books/an-act-of-remembrance.html?pagewanted=1 Ted Solotaroff, "An Act of Remembrance," NY Times Books, August 9, 1981. Solotaroff reviews " The Journey of David Toback," by David Toback as retold by his granddaughter Carole Malkin, New York: Schocken Books. David Toback ended his life as a New York East Side Kosher butcher. He was born in the Ukraine and this book tells of his travels throughout Central Asia and his Jewish faith. http://veresh.ru/biografia.php Russian Website dedicated to Vasily Vereshchagin, Russian soldier, artist and traveler (1842-1904). His artwork of the central steppes is his travel narrative. http://indrus.in/articles/2011/10/17/vasily_vereshchagin_horrors_of_war_through_artists_eyes_13126.html "Vasily Vereshchagin: horrors of war through an artist's eyes," Russia and India Report. http://www.roerich.ru/index.php?r=1280&l=eng Russian artist, writer, peace activist Nicholas Roerich, Roerich Museum (Russia). Art as travel narrative.

South Asia: http://www.mendeley.com/catalog/envisioning-power-political-thought-late-eighteenth-century-mughal-prince/ # Muzaffar Alam and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, "Envisioning power: The Political thought of a late eighteenth-century Mughal prince," Indian Economic Social History Review, 2006, Vol. 43, Issue 2, pages 131-161. See abstract of paper and free five page preview. Alam and Subrahmanyam analyze the mindset and "world view" of a Mughal prince who does not win power through the princes' own travel narrative. http://www.cis-ca.org/voices/a/afghni.htm "Sayyid Jamal al-Din Muhammad b. Safdar al-Afghani (1838-1897)," Center For Islamic Studies. More on this religious traveler and father of Islamic Modernism. See more: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal-al-Din_Afghani Jamal al Din al Afghani, religious travel writer....pan-Islamist. Wikipedia.org. http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpsubject/history/history/asiansinbritain/visitors/visitors.html "Asians in Britain: Visitors," British Library for researchers. Three Indian travelers to Britain with excerpts from their narratives. Mirza Abu Taleb Khan who traveled to Georgian Ireland and England from 1799-1803 and left impressions of the upper classes, Bhagavat Sinh Jee Thakore Shaheb of Gondal traveled to Britain in 1880's, and Beramji Malabari, Parsi newspaper editor who was shocked at the level of poverty in London's East end. http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=15057 Mishirul Hasan, " Westward Bound-Travels of Mirza Abu Taleb," Oxford University Press, 2005. Hasan continues his focus on Indian Muslims with this travel account of Mirza Abu Taleb (1752-1806). Dr. Hasan details Mirza Abu Taleb's 1799-1803 travels to England, France, Genoa, Malta, Turkey and Baghdad. See also Mushirul Hasan, ed., " 18th-19th Century Travel Writing by Indians Describing Europe," Oxford University Press, 2012. http://www.amazon.com/Exploring-West-Narratives-Comprising-Itesamuddin/dp/0198063113 "This omnibus presents a unique perspective of travel writing by Indians describing Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This completely unexplored theme provides the missing link in the east-west paradigm. Whereas the other aspect of the western perspective on Indian civilization has been studied for quite sometime, the descriptions of this omnibus invert this image and show Europe in the eyes of the Indian traveller during the arrival of modernity in the subcontinent. It comprises: Westward Bound: Travels of Mirza Abu Taleb: Descriptions of the Mirza who travelled to England during 1799-1803. Greatly impressed by late eighteenth century England, he also records his impressions of France, Genoa, Malta, Turkey, and Baghdad. Seamless Boundaries: Lutfullah's Narrative beyond East and West : Lutfullah's narrative which includes his visit to England in 1844, provides an understanding of events, people, and their culture beyond mere east-west dichotomies. Travels of Itisamuddin: A n account of the travels of Itisamuddin to France and England in 1765. He describes Nantes in France, and London, Oxford and Scotland with details of everyday life of people." http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Dean+Mahomet%27s+Travels%2c+border+crossings%2c+and+the+narrative+of...-a0208536198 Mona Narain, "Dean Mahomet's Travels, border crossings, and the narrative of alterity," The Free Library, June 22, 2009. See other travel writing Free Library articles on right side of this page. Mahomet, who received criticism from Europeans and Indians alike, wrote narratives of his travels throughout India and Europe, specifically England (1794). http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/10.1/forum_fisher.html Michael H. Fisher, "Early Asian Travelers to the West: Indians in Britain, c. 1650-c. 1850," World History Connected, Volume 10, No. 1, February 2013. Fisher focuses on Dean Mahomet in this essay for the World History Connected Forum (pt. 1) on Travel Writers and Travel Narratives in world history. http://www.academia.edu/1268378/A_Persian_sufi_in_British_India_The_travels_of_Mirza_HasanAli_Shah_1251_1835-1316_1899 _ Nile Green, " A Persian Sufi in British India: The Travels of Mirza Hasan' Ali Shah (1251/1835-1316/1899), published by British Institute of Persian Studies. Reviewed in Iran , Vol. 42 (2004) pp. 201-218 seen in Academia.edu. http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/southasia/50yrs4.html "Recurrent Themes in the Representation of South Asia, Pt. IV," South Asia at Chicago Fifty Years of Scholarship, University of Chicago Library. This summary page of themes (like sati, Hinduism) European travel writers focused on in their travel accounts to India are highlighted. http://www.hindu.com/lr/2003/09/07/stories/2003090700240400.htm Uma Mahadevan-Dasgupta review in The Hindu , September 7, 2003 of Sachidananda Mohantz, ed., " Travel Writing and the Empire ," Katha, 2003, p. 185. The essays in this book show via travel narration the colonial experience in South Asia from the 18th-early 20th century. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Solitary+Travelers%3a+Nineteenth-Century+Women's+Travel+Narratives+and...-a0130463983 Lila Marz Harper, " Solitary Travelers: Nineteenth Century Women's Travel Narratives and the Scientific Vocation," Cranbury N.J.: Farleigh Dickinson University Press; London: Associated University Press, 2001. Harper gives us a look at four women travelers who used the science of natural history in their writings, those being Mary Wollstonecraft, Harriet Martineau, Isabella Bird Bishop, and Mary H. Kingsley. http://toto.lib.unca.edu/sr_papers/history_sr/srhistory_2008/fahey_amy.pdf Amy C. Fahey, "In Search of Knowledge. The Travel Accounts of Edward William Lane, Sophia Lane-Poole, Rifa 'a al-Tahawi, and Khayr al-Dine al-Tunisi," A Senior Thesis for Bachelor Degree of Arts in History, University of North Carolina at Asheville, April 2008. Rihla is a genre of Islamic travel writing that documents travel in pursuit of knowledge. Ms. Fahey describes four 19th century travel writers and their narratives exhibiting rihla. http://books.google.rw/books/about/The_romance_of_the_Holy_Land_in_American.html?id=wBxiyOOEm2YC Brian Yothers, The Romance of the Holy Land in American Literature 1790-1876 ," Ashgate Publishing (UK), 2007. See selections in google book format and Chapter 1 as Ashgate Publishing sampe pages: http://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Romance_of_Holy_Land_in_American_Travel_Writing_1790_1876_Ch1.pdf "Chapter 1, Emergence of the Levant in American Literature: Barbary Captivity Narratives, Oriental Romances, and the Holy Land as Protestant Trope." Brian Yothers is critical of American Christian travel writers who journeyed to the Levant and wrote narratives based on their preconceived western Orientalism.

Asia: http://riccilibrary.usfca.edu/view.aspx?catalogID=230 "Xie Qinggao," The Ricci Institute Library Online Catalog. Xie Qinggao (1765-1821) was lost at sea and picked up by a British or most likely Portuguese trading ship which sailed to America, Europe and Asia. Qinggao lost his sight but recorded his travels orally. http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/9.1/po.html Ronald Chung-yam Po, "(Re)Conceptualizing the World in Eighteenth Century China," World History Connected, Vol. 9, No. 1, February 2012. Chung-yam Po discusses the new Chinese "geohistorians" of the 18th century who encouraged a more positive view of northern frontier tribes and European travelers to Asia. Ethnic and anthropological formal studies under Emperor Qianlong (r. 1736-1795) were written by travelers and frontier writers as Chinese territories expanded. http://english.vietnamnet.vn/en/special-report/12643/int-l-law---sovereignty-over-hoang-sa--truong-sa-.html Dr. Nguyen Hong Thao/Luu Van Loi, "What Chinese historical documents say?" Vietnam.net, last updated September 6, 2011. This article concerns International law and sovereignty over Hoang Sa (Paracel) and Truong Sa (Spratly) islands as cited in documents and sources from the Three Kingdoms (220-265 CE) to the Qing (1644- 1911). Note some sources are travel documents and accounts. http://www.nguyenthaihocfoundation.org/lichsuVN/m_tayson_p6.htm George Dutton, "Important Sources Relating to the Say Son-18th and 19th century Sources Originally in Chinese," Nguyen Thai Hoc Foundation. http://www.ijalel.org/pdf/68.pdf Nurhanis Sahiddan, "Approaches to Travel Writing in Isabella Bird's 'The Golden Cheronese' and The Way Thither, '" paper (7 pp. pdf) for General Studies course, University of Tenga Nasional, Malaysia. Seen in International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature, Volume 1, No. 2, July 2012. A Malaysian university student's analysis of Isabella Bird's Malaysian travel narratives. Coleridge poems as travel narrative, specifically "Kubla Khan" and "Rime of the Ancient Mariner:" http://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/Guides3/Rime.html "Rime of the Ancient Mariner," Cummings Study Guides explains Captain James Cook's voyages ending in 1799 with Cook's death and motivation for"Rime of the Ancient Mariner" first published in 1798. See more on Coleridge's "Kubla Khan" as travel narrative: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Purchas "Samuel Purchas," Wikipedia. English compiler, editor of British travel narratives. His third book was an effort to complete Richard Hakluyt works after Hakluyt's death in 1616. Purchas' first volume " Purchas His Pilgramage," 1613 was one of the sources of inspiration for William Taylor Coleridge's poem. See analysis of "Kubla Khan" by Jalal Uddin Khan, "Coleridge's 'Kubal Khan:' a new historicist study," The Free Library, Jan. 1, 2012: http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Coleridge%27s+Kubla+Khan%3a+a+new+historicist+study.-a0302403821 http://www.japanese-arts.net/comics/why_narrative.htm "Narrative Art," Japanese Arts/comics website. See "sets of images of famous places" highlighted link which discuss the popular form of Edo 19th century printmaking that are travelogues. http://www.bestmemoirsbooks.com/the-autobiography-of-yukichi-fukuzawa-review/ "The Autobiography of Yukickhi Fukuzawa ," Best Memoirs Books. Review of 19th century samurai turned entrepreneur and Western advocate. See point of view on Fukuzawa from Robert Ketcherside blog, July 1996: http://www.zombiezodiac.com/rob/fukuzawa.htm http://archive.org/details/threeyearswander00fortuoft Robert Fortune, " Three Years' Wanderings in the Northern Provinces of China," London, 1846 seen Internet Archive. Full text available in varied formats. See left of page for options. Fortune also wrote "A Residence Among the Chinese," London, 1857. See free Google book: http://books.google.com/books/about/A_Residence_Among_the_Chinese.html?id=ZdYMAAAAIAAJ Fortune was a biotanical Indiana Jones of the nineteenth century. The British Royal Horticultural Society sent him to China to procure seeds and plants and to steal secrets of tea manufacturing so the British could stop relying on Chinese tea and start plantations in India. See review of Fortune's travels and writing in China by Jeffrey Mather: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13645145.2010.500099 Jeffrey Mather (2010): Botanising in a Sinocentric World: Robert Fortune's Travels in China," Studies in Travel Writing, 14:3, 257-270.

Map: Tocqueville's travel route from www.tocqueville.org below. http://www.tocqueville.org/ "The Alexis de Tocqueville Tour-Exploring Democracy in America, May 9, 1997-February 20, 1989," C-Span link celebrating Tocqueville's 9 month travels in America, 1831-1832. See primary source documents of de Tocqueville's travel narratives and 1:16:56 Video, "A Conversation on Democracy" in Real Player. http://www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.1929/article_detail.asp "A Review of 'Letters From America, ' by Alexis de Tocqueville, translated by Frederick Brown; and Tocqueville's 'Discovery of America, ' by Leo Damrosch," Claremont Institute, posted April 18, 2012 by Michael McDonald. https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/slavery-and-anti-slavery/resources/northerner%E2%80%99s-view-southern-slavery-1821 "A Northern View of Southern Slavery, 1821," Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Aurelia Hale of Hartford, Connecticut offers her impressions of Southern Life in this primary source document letter to her sister. Hale traveled to Georgia to teach school at the age of 22 and stated that she enjoyed the "manner of living" in the South and that the South was "better that at the North" and found slavery agreeable. http://www.enotes.com/slave-narratives-reference/slave-narratives "Slave Narratives," enotes.com. Many of the American slave narratives referenced in this article/essay were travel narratives. http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/gos/lit.html Tom Costa and University of Virginia, "The Geography of Slavery," @ 2005. Travel narratives, documents, primary sources, newspaper accounts slaveholder records, Literature and narratives. http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/equiano1/summary.html Jenn Williamson summary of " The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavas Vasa, the African," Documenting the American South, Library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2004. See more: http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/bassr/heath/syllabuild/iguide/vassa.html Angelo Costanzo, "Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797)," Georgetown University study guide. http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?id_nbr=2788 Paulette M. Chaisson, "Campbell, Patrick 1765-1823," Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, University of Toronto, 2000. Campbell was a Scot who served in the military fighting wars in Europe, returning to Scotland as head forester of a provincial realm. He sailed to North America to find the suitability of land for Highland Scots who wished to migrate to Canada. His travels are noted in his journal. http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2009/02/02/exhibit_tells_story_of_mohawk_chiefs_slave.html John Goddard, "Exhibit tells story of Mohawk Chief's slave," Toronto Star online (Canada), February 2, 2009. Mohawk Chief Joseph Brant owned a kidnapped black, slave girl, Sarah Pooley. Pooley was born to slave parents in Fishkill, New York in the mid-1760's. She was eventually sold to a Canadian farmer and recounted her travels to Benjamin Drew in an oral narrative, " Refugee: or the Narratives of the Fugitive Slaves in Canada ," published in 1856. Sarah Pooley lived to be 90 years old. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/35658/35658-h/35658-h.htm Alexander MacKenzie, " Voyages From Montreal Throught the Continent of North America To the Frozen and Pacific Oceans in 1789 and 1793 With An Account of the Rise and State of the Fur Trade," New York: A. S. Barnes & Company, 1903. Gutenberg Project, release date March 2011. http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?BioId=36643 W. Kaye Lamb, "MacKenzie, Sir Alexander," Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, 2000. Scottish born Alexander MacKenzie was first man to cross continental North America by canoe, 12 years before Lewis and Clark. His travel journal (fur trade account) was published in 1801. Did it inspire President Thomas Jefferson to enlist Lewis and Clark for their trek and purchase of the Louisiania Purchase? http://www.lewis-clark.org/ Discovery Lewis and Clark website, Lewis and Clark Fort Mandan Foundation (Washburn, North Dakota), @1998-2009. See journal excerpts from The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 13 Volumes, edited by Gary E. Moulton, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983-2001. http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~bak00112 " Astor, John Jacob, 1763-1848: John Jacob Astor business records, 1784-1812 (inclusive), 1809-1848 (bulk): A Finding Aid," Baker Library, Harvard Business School, October 2009. Fur mogul Astor's business records, property maps, etc. qualify as travel narrative? http://www.nativeamericanwriters.com/copway.html "George Copway, Ojibwe," Early Native American Literature website. See video biography. George Copway, born 1818 in Trent River, Canada West (now Ontario) is first Native American writer focused on travel narrative as seen in 1847 Autobiography, "The Life, History, and Travels of Kah-ge-ga-gah-bowh," and first travel book written by a Native American, " Running Sketches of Men and Places," 1851. Copway traveled the Great Lakes and upper Mississippi, the Eastern seaboard and in 1850 traveled to England. Other Native American literature that can be labeled "travel narratives" are Hendrick Aupamut, " A Short Narrative of My Last Journey to the Western Country," 1827 and Black Hawk's account of his "tour" of the East while prisoner of war, " Life of Black Hawk " 1833. http://www.telusplanet.net/public/dgarneau/metis.htm D. Garneau, "Metis Nation of the Northwest-Complete History of the Canadian Metis Culture," telusplanet.net, May 15, 2012. See links to history periods 1500 through 2006. See comments: "The Jesuits claimed: 'Not a cape was turned, not a river entered, but a Jesuit led the way." "The People said: The Jesuit (black robes) are damnable liers (liars). Even the most amateur of historians knows the actual explorers of New France (Canada and the American West) were without question the Coureurs and Metis." http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_metis/fp_metis_origins.html "The Metis Origins of the Metis Nation," Canada's First Peoples, 2007. The Metis were offspring of French Canadians involved in the fur trade and First Nation Peoples. Note 19th century paintings (art as travel narrative) of Metis peoples. http://www.scribd.com/doc/57838741/The-People-of-the-Metis-Nation-A-C Lawrence J. Barkwell, "The People of the Metis Nation: A-C, Metis History Through Biography," Louis Riel Institute, Winnipeg, 2012. See "D-G," etc. biographies on right side of page and travel accounts such as "Sinclair Expedition to the Spokane Country 1854," at bottom of this page. http://www.d.umn.edu/~tbacig/mhcpresent/metisprs.html Tom Bacig, "Metaphors for the People: A Presentation Exploring the Metis and the History of Minnesota," Minnesota Humanities Commission Teacher Institute Seminar: French Legacies in Minnesota-November 10-11, 2000. This website last updated March 1, 2011, University of Minnesota, Duluth. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/exploration-and-travel-literature-in-french#ArticleContents P. Savard and R. Ouellet, "Exploration and Travel Literature in French," The Canadian Encylopedia. Note last paragraph as a summary of change over time and French point of view as to travel literature in Canada. See any Metis examples? http://masters.ab.ca/bdyck/early-canada/fur/index.html Brenda Dyck, "Early Canada Fur Trade," Masters Academy and College, Canada, last reviesed April 25, 2005. See esp. "A Cree Boy Visits York Factory" brief travel account. See more travel accounts from this site: http://www.masters.ab.ca/bdyck/early-canada/explorers/tour/index.html http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1591&context=usgsstaffpub Neil Woodman, " History and Dating of the Publication of the Philadelphia (1822) and London (1823) editions of Edwin James's Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains," Digital Commons @ University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USGS-Published Research US Geological Survey, January 1, 2010. http://www.gonomad.com/historic-travel/historic-travel.html Historic Travel Writers: Isabella Bird (1870's) and Charles Dickens (1840's), gonomad.com. See excerpts of their travel narratives in America-19th century. http://www.digplanet.com/wiki/Isabella_Bird "Isabella Bird," digplanet.com/wiki/. Note links to Isabella Bird travel narratives and her natural history references. http://books.google.co.za/books/about/Pictures_from_Italy.html?id=3SENAAAAYAAJ (Google Book) Charles Dickens, Pic t ures From Italy and American Notes, 1867 , Harper & Brothers, 1880. http://www.worldhum.com/features/travel-books/charles-dickens-the-first-great-travel-writer-20100330/ Frank Bures, "Charles Dickens: The First Great Travel Writer," World Hum, May 25, 2010. Does Bures's evidence support his claim? http://www.literarytraveler.com/articles/jack-london-the-american-karl-marx/ "Jack London: The American Karl Marx," Literary Traveler, posted December 1, 2001. This article examines the travels and writings of Jack London who is described here as a Socialist. http://brbl-archive.library.yale.edu/exhibitions/illustratingtraveler/illus.htm "The Illustrating Traveller: Adventure and Illustration in North America and the Caribbean in 1760-1895," Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library Exhibition, Beinecke Library archives Yale University, last revised September 4, 1996. "In the late18th century travel accounts began to increasedly incorporate illustration as a parallel visual text to describe and explain the observations of travelers." http://pvtimes.com/news/early-travel-writing-reveals-pahrump-valleys-ranching-history/ Bob McCracken, "Early Travel Writing Reveals Pahrump Valley's Ranching History," Pahrump Valley Times, January 2013. Bob McCracken tells the story of Thomas W. Brooks, 19th century Georgia travel writer, mining engineer, Civil War and George Custer veteran, and rancher.

Latin America: http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=6mtlN4T_UrAC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=travel+narratives+in+dialogue&ots=kSMudpIA7h&sig=Q3MM-NPG98VlZrs_GxYcNT6Mxuo#v=onepage&q=travel%20narratives%20in%20dialogue&f=false (Google book) Monica Szurmuk, "Women in Argentina: Early Travel Narratives," University of Florida Press, 2000. Monica Szurmuk displays and analyzes a hundred years of women's travel writing in Argentina from 1830-1930. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WGjhBAIZBHIC&oi=fnd&pg=PP13&dq=travel+narratives+in+dialogue&ots=2UzM6MB4VM&sig= 083vuY74efrAggCwtFx0qqd0CK4#v=onepage&q&f=false (Google book) Shannon Marie Butler, " Travel Narratives in Dialogue: Contesting Representations of Nineteenth-Century Peru," New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2008. Ms. Butler quotes Manuel A. Fuentes-- Lima: Apuntes historicos descriptivos, estadisticas y costumbres (1867) in the introduction to her book: "If one were to judge a travel book, recently published in Paris, according to its veracity in regards to the various places around the world and regarding Peru itself, one could say that its authors pretend to write a novel whose characters have all the crude mannerisms of a savage." {trans. by Shannon Marie Butler} http://www.mellenpress.com/mellenpress.cfm?bookid=7261&pc=9 Miguel A. Cabanas, The Cultural "Other" in Nineteenth-Century Travel Narratives: How the United States and Latin Americans Described Each Other," Mellen Press, 2008. Book advertisment. See review in Spanish by Leila Gomez (University of Colorado, Boulder) in "A Journal on Social History and Literature in Latin America," (A Contra corriente) Vol. 7, No. 3, Spring 2010. http://www.ncsu.edu/acontracorriente/spring_10/reviews/Gomez_rev.pdf http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=1AcBiP9mOmoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=travel+narratives+in+dialogue&ots=v7mX_QinWp&sig=eG_tklOxEVAk61OobTmlL1XY4U4#v= onepage&q=travel%20narratives%20in%20dialogue&f=false (Google book) Angela Perez-Mejia, " A Geography of Hard Times: Narrative About Travel to South America 1780-1949 , trans. by Dick Cluster, 2002, Albanly NY: State University of New York Press, 2004. http://books.google.com/books/about/Culture_of_empire.html?id=pDcdVLN2P8AC (Google Ebook) Gilbert G. Gonzalez, " Culture of Empire: American Writers, Mexico, and Mexican Immigrants 1880-1930," University of Texas Press, 2004. Scroll down page to see chapter on "American Writers Invade Mexico" pp. 46-70 and book review. http://cw.routledge.com/ref/travellit/index.html June E. Hahner, ed., " Women Through Women's Eyes: Latin America in Nineteenth Century Travel Accounts, Wilmington, DE: S. R. Books, 1998. Seen in Routledge 3 Vol. Travel Literature Encyclopedia. http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=ian-duncan-on-charles-darwina-and-the-voyage-of-the-beagle-1831-36 "Ian Duncan, On Charles Darwin and the Voyage of the Beagle," Branch: Britain, Representation and Nineteeth- Century History. Ed. Dino Franco Felluga. Extension of Romanticism and Victorianism on the Net. Web. [March 28, 2013]. http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/the-beagle-letters "The Beagle Letters," Darwin Correspondence Project, University of Cambridge, 2013. Letters originally published in volume 1 of the " Correspondence of Charles Darwin," Burkhardt et. al. eds. CUP 1985. Charles Darwin evolution as travel writer.

Pacific/Oceania: http://southseas.nla.gov.au/ "South Seas Voyaging and Cross Cultural Encounters in the Pacific (1760-1800), South Seas website, Australia. Wonderful bibliographies and resources as to indigenous histories, Voyaging Accounts, Captain James Cook's journal, European reaction amongst others. http://www.longitudebooks.com/find/d/50066/mcms.html "Captain James Cook," Longitude Books. An annotated listing of links to books about Captain James Cook travels along with his diaries/travel narratives. See more on Captain James Cook (1728-1779): http://www.cptcook.com/ http://books.google.com/books/about/A_voyage_round_the_world.html?id=wuhGQPuvpPsC (Google Ebook) George Forster, " A Voyage Around the World, Vol. I, University of Hawaii Press, 2000. George Forster accompanied his father, Johann Reinhold Forster, on James Cook's second Pacific voyage (1772-1775). Johann Forster was the ship's naturalist and George based his travel account on his father's ship journal as to the geography, science, and ethnographic knowledge uncovered. It is a good example of 18th century travel literature. http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_101_1992/Volume_101%2C_No._3/Archaeology%2C_ethnography%2C_and _the_record_of_Maori_cannibalism_before_1815%3A_a_ critical_review%2C_by_Ian_Barber%2C_p_241-292/p1 Ian Barber (University of Otago), "Archaeology, Ethnography, and the Record of Maori Cannibalism Before 1815: A Critical Review," The Journal of the Polynesian Society, New Zealand, Vol. 101, No. 3, 1992, pp. 241-292. Ian Barber cites many travel accounts from Captain James Cook and Cook's botanist Joseph Banks as to eyewitness evidence as to Maori cannibalism. http://www.travel-studies.com/travel-narratives-spring-2013/video Mark Twain video, Travel Studies, spring 2013, "Innocents Abroad." http://www.twainquotes.com/sduindex.html Mark Twain, Letters From Hawaii, in Sacramento Union newspaper, 1866. http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-mark-twains-letters-from-hawaii/ Mark Twain, Letters From Hawai'i, (Sandwich Islands) study guide with discussion guide, Bookrags.com. http://books.google.com/books/about/Jack_London_and_Hawaii.html?id=Onc1V2uLQscC Charmian London, Jack London and Hawaii , Mills & Boon, 1918, originally from Harvard University Press, Digitized September 22, 2005, 305 pp. http://london.sonoma.edu/Writings/ Jack London's books, short stories...note those on Melanesia, Solomons, and Hawai'i. http://voices.yahoo.com/travel-narratives-edgar-allan-poe-herman-melville-135085.html?cat=38 Shaun Richards, "Travel Narratives in Edgar Allan Poe and Herman Melville-The Escape from Moral Absolutism on the Journey Toward Self-Realization," Yahoo Voices, December 14, 2006. Melville's Moby Dick. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americannovel/timeline/melville.html John Clendenning (California State University, Northridge), "The American Novel-Herman Melville, American Masters," PBS.org from the World Book Encyclopedia @2007. Summary of Herman Melville as sailor, travel writer and his travel narratives/novels. http://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/Guides3/MobyDick.html Melville's Moby Dick Study guide, Cummings Study Guides. http://rmmla.innoved.org/ereview/62.2/reviews/shear.asp Jack W. Shear (Binghamton University), RMMLA (Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association) review of "Oliver S. Buckton. Cruising with Robert Louis Stevenson: Travel, Narrative, and the Colonial Body . Athens: Ohio University Press, 2007, 344 p.," Rocky Mountain Review, Volume 62, No. 2, Fall 2008. Scotland's Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894) travel writings. http://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/ Robert Louis Stevenson website. See more on his travels and map below: In the Footsteps of Robert Louis Stevenson

http://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/images/travels-map.jpg

Europe: http://www.academia.edu/1454686/Necromanticism_Traveling_to_Meet_the_Dead_1750-1860 Paul Westover, " Necromanticism: Traveling to Meet the Dead, 1750-1860," short review by Robin Jarvis seen in Academia.edu, as part of Paula Kennedy's list of literature, drama, dance blog. Westover has researched literary tourism--reader's compulsions to visit homes, landscapes, and (especially) graves of Romantic writers in the long Romantic period. http://www.nbol-19.org/view_doc.php?index=254 Harald Hendrix review of Paul Westover, " Necromanticism: Traveling to Meet the Dead, 1750-1860 ," Palgrave MacMillian, 2012 seen in Review 19 website, October 5, 2012. http://danassays.wordpress.com/encyclopedia-of-the-essay/voltaire/voltaire-francois-marie-arouet/ "Voltaire-Francois Marie Arouet," Encyclopedia of the essay, danassays.wordpress.com. Voltaire biography. Voltaire as travel writer. http://www.russianlife.com/blog/alexander-herzen/ Ilya Ovchinniko, "Alexander Ivanovich Herzen," Russian Life, February 29, 2012. Herzen, b. 1812, was a noted revolutionary but foremost a writer. He was a leading Russian emigre in London, 1852, publishing the anti-Romanov, " Russian Free Press " and it's almanac, " The Polar Star " and an anthology of Russian revolutionary writings "Voices From Russia." http://www.prx.org/pieces/70545 "From the Volga to the Mississippi," PRX Radio with Sarah McConnell, With Good Reason show, November 19, 2011. See 0:28:59 audio and transcript (with reenactors) on Russian and American travel writers journeying to each other's country and their narratives which start off friendly, like comments on Russian travels in Mark Twain's " Innocents Abroad", but by 1905, Twain is calling for the assassination of the Russian Czar. http://landlibrary.wordpress.com/2013/03/ Jane T. Castlow, " Heart-Pine Russia-Walking and Writing the Nineteenth-Century Forest ," Cornell University Press, 2012 reviewed in Rocky Mountain Land Library blog, March 2013. See other travel accounts in this blog including Ian Frazier's " Travels in Siberia." http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI=80140100088420&fa=author&person_id=4773 Jane T. Castlow, " Heart-Pine Russia-Walking and Writing the Nineteenth-Century Forest" description and reviews seen in Cornell Press site. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/books/review/Hammer-t.html?_r=0 Joshua Hammer, "Cold Case Files," NY Times Sunday Book Review, October 28, 2010. Hammer reviews Ian Frazier's, Travels in Siberia , Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2010. See podcast interview with Ian Frazier and excerpts of this travel narrative. http://www.prx.org/pieces/70543-russian-and-american-travel-writers#description "Russian and American Travel Writers," PRX With Good Reason show, Kelley Libby, November 19, 2011. Audio and transcript 0:02:30. Libby and Sarah McConnell share production of this PRX With Good Reason piece analyzing how Russian and American travel writing grew more hostile even before the Cold War. http://www.nybooks.com/books/imprints/classics/letters-from-russia/ Astolphe de Custine, " Letters From Russia ," New York Review of Books Classics, April 2002, 672 pages. Introduction by Custine 1996 biographer Anka Muhlstein. Muhlstein says Marquis Custine's "Letters From Russia" (1839) is "brillantly perceptive...a wonderful piece of travel writing." Of course, this is in sharp contrast to emotional criticism from the Czarist and Communist Russians. Scroll down Gutenberg Project "C" page to download Custin(e)'s four volumes in French: http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/c http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/g-rard-depardieu-s-russian-play-by-nina-l--khrushcheva Nina L. Khrushcheva, "The Czar of the French," Project Syndicate, January 7, 2013. Putin, Gerard Depardieu, and respect from the French. Marquis de Custine " Letter From Russia " in 1839 suggested that Russian civilization amounted to little more than the mimicry of monkeys. Russians have been sensitive to French and American disrespect. http://www.loa.org/volume.jsp?RequestID=62 Richard Howard, ed., " Henry James Collected Travel Writings: The Continent," including A Little Tour in France, Italian Hours, and Other Travels, The Library of America. See Overview of narratives included in this edition of Henry James' travel writing. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambles_in_Germany_and_Italy Mary Shelly's " Rambles in Germany and Italy in 1840, 1842, and 1843 ," Wikipedia. Note other travel narratives and writers mentioned in this Wikipedia essay including Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and her reports on smallpox inoculations in Turkey, Madame de Stael's novel, Corinne, 1807 and Samuel Johnson's advise to Travel Writers in 1742. http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/sherwoodtimes/grandtou.htm "Lord Byron's Grand Tour," Sherwood Times. Romantic English poet as travel writer. See Sherwood Times homepage: http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/sherwoodtimes/index.html http://www.amazon.com/Romantic-Writing-Pedestrian-Travel-Jarvis/dp/0333658140 Robin Jarvis, " Romantic Writing and Pedestrian Travel," Macmillan, 1997. Jarvis analyzes the 1790's relationship between walking (pedestrian travel) and writing and its impact on the creativity of major Romantic writers, ie. releasing "restless textual energies." See Philippe Vandenbroeck review and his comparative to Grand Tour traveling and safer middle class domestic "pedestrian walking." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Journey_to_the_Western_Islands_of_Scotland Samuel Johnson's travel narrative to the Western Islands of Scotland, Wikipedia.

South Asia: http://literature.britishcouncil.org/vikram-seth "Vikram Seth," Literature Matters newsletter, British Council of Literature. Born in Kolkata, India in 1952, educated in India, US and China, Vikram Seth is a novelist, poet and travel writer with travel narrative, "From Heaven Lake: Travels Through Sinkiang and Tibet " (1983) as his most noted travel writing. http://www.dwrl.utexas.edu/orgs/e3w/orgs/e3w/volume-10-spring-2010/new-directions-in-south-asian-studies/sakoon-n-singh-on-travel-writing-in-india Sakoon N. Singh, "Sakoon N. Singh on 'Travel Writing in India,'" E3W Review of Books, University of Texas, Austin originally seen in "New Directions in South Asian Studies," Vol. 10, Spring 2010. Singh's reveiw of Shobhana Bhattacharji, ed., Travel Writing in India , Sahitya Akademi, 2008. http://zenfloyd.blogspot.com/2010_04_01_archive.html "The Intersection of the Postcolonial and the Modern Mythology: Halide Edib's 'Inside India,'" zenfloyd blog, April 14, 2010. Edib's description of 1930's India and comparison with Turkey through her travel writing is analyzed in this blog. https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/suketu-mehta/maximum-city-2/ Kirkus review, July 15, 2004, of Suketu Mehta, " Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found ," Knopf, 2004. William Dalrymple, "Home Truths on abroad," The Guardian, September 18, 2009 claims Mehta is one of the great new travel writers. Dalrymple says the new generation of travel writers have, "less to do with heroic adventures and posturing than an intimate knowledge of people and places." Does Dalrymple have a case for comparison? That 19th century travel writing was about "place" or filling the blanks of the map while the best travel writing in the 21st century is almost always about people. In Maximum City Suketu Mehta, a New York writer and transplanted Indian, views the future of urbanization as bleak for people, if Bombay is an exemplar. See more recent example of Mehta's travel writing "critique:" http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/06/opinion/indias-limited-freedom-of-speech.html?_r=0 Suketa Mehta, "India's Speech Impediment," NY Times The Opinion Page, February 5, 2013. India's press censorship ranks it one of worst in the world. Censorship's effect on people. http://books.google.com/books/about/Arrow_of_the_Blue_Skinned_God.html?id=FXRZ1X8BANIC Jonah Blank, " Arrow of the Blue-Skinned God: Retracing the Ramayana Through India," Grove Press, 2000. Note sample chapters in google.com. See editorial review from Publishers Weekly: Editorial reviews of Arrow of the Blue-Skinned God: Retracing the Ramayana Through India. Publishers Weekly, 1992-07-13: Jonah Blank, who has reported on Asia for the Dallas Morning News, traveled the length and breadth of India, retracing the footsteps of the god Rama, hero of the ancient Sanskrit epic (portions of which introduce each chapter). Coupling journalistic detachment with piercing lyricism, he samples the subcontinent in all its horrific, multitudinous, overwhelming diversity, from Bombay's Hollywood-style dream factories to Calcutta's leper-filled streets. He ponders the nation's lingering caste divisions, with their ``BMW Brahmins'' and destitute untouchables. He meets Sikh separatists in the Punjab and, in Sri Lanka, tracks down Tamil Tiger guerrillas, young boys carrying AK-47s. He converses with holy men in ashrams and probes the erotic intensity of the Krishna cult. He scuffles with Indian's venal, infuriating bureaucracy. Blank writes beautifully and taps into India's elusive, indestructible soul with a clarity few writers attain, as he ponders the paradoxes of a country where deep-rooted fatalism clashes with Westernization and a new social mobility. (Sept.) (c) Copyright PWxyz, LLC. All rights reserved. http://truth-out.org/news/item/15853-arundhati-roy-jungles-of-resistance "Arundhati Roy: Jungles of Resistance," Truth out, April 20, 2013. Roy spoke out against Indian government and their war on India's people and received an invitation to meet with Maoist guerrillas in Indian jungles/rain forest from which she wrote a book, " Walking With the Comrades." She has demanded voting rights for the people of Jammu and Kashmir which caused the Indian government to attack her in court. http://www.india.com/topic/Arundhati-Roy.html See Arundhati Roy videos on social activism: http://www.weroy.org/arundhati_media.shtml

Middle East/Central Asia: http://www.egypttoday.com/news/display/article/artId:309 Pakinam Amer, "A Legacy Lost: The Scarcity of Travel Writing," Egypt Today, August 8, 2011 seen in Egypt Today, March 16, 2013. Amer, in a lengthy article, bemoans the lack of good Egyptian travel writing today. http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/212050/travel-writing-in-a-postcolonial-world Amine Zidouh, "Travel Writing in a Post Colonial World," grin.com, 2013 essay. Short essay summarizing recent intellectuals and writers thoughts on post colonial travel writing. http://www.academia.edu/1045576/Hearing_the_Call_Along_the_Nile_an_early_draft_of_travel_notes_from_Egypt_journeying_in_the_SS_Karim V.K. McCarty, "Hearing the Call Along the Nile/an early draft of travel notes from Egypt. See excerpts and available download of Ms. McCarty's narrative about the Nile aboard the SS Karim. http://www.aritabaaijens.nl/index_en.php Arita Baaijens', Dutch travel writer and desert explorer by camel caravan, travel narrative " Desert Songs: A Woman Explorer in Egypt and Sudan," American University in Cairo Press, 2009. See 25 photo slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/baaijens/desert-songs and Mikael Strandberg blog, "Guest Writer # 6 Arita Baaijens on Female Leadership in the Desert," February 15, 2010. (Baaijen notes that "besides every strong woman in the desert stands a gentle man.") http://nabataea.net/camel.htm Camels-Ships of the Desert, nabataea.net. http://girlsoloinarabia.typepad.com/girl_solo_in_arabia/2007/11/dubai---21st-ce.html Carolyn McIntyre, "Dubai 21st Century Entrepot," Girl Solo in Arabia: In the Footsteps of ibn Battuta blogsite, November 2, 2007. Ms. McIntyre, travel writer, has followed in the footsteps of ibn Battuta and noted her experiences in this blog. http://www.blessitt.com/ Arthur Blessitt, Evangelical who has traveled 36,000 miles carrying a 70 pound cross and the movie review, "The Cross": http://documentaries.about.com/od/revie2/fr/TheCross.htm http://www.motherjones.com/mixed-media/2012/05/guy-delisle-jerusalem-comics Erika Eichelberger, "An Expat Dad's Cartoon Adventures in the Holy Land," Mother Jones, May 8, 2012. Review of Guy Delisle, graphic memoirist and writer of autobiographical travelogues, new graphic travelogue, " Jerusalem: Chronicles from the Holy City." http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/Riding_the_Steppes.html Gloria Emerson, "Riding the Steppes," Smithsonian, 1/2004. Ms. Emerson reviews Stanley Stewart's 1000 mile travel narrative book, In the Empire of Genghis Khan, Lyons Press, 2002. See Google Book review comments: "Vivid, hilarious, and compelling, this eagerly awaited book takes its place among the travel classics. It is a thrilling tale of adventure, a comic masterpiece, and an evocative portrait of a medieval land marooned in the modern world. Eight and a half centuries ago, under Genghis Khan, the Mongols burst forth from Central Asia in a series of spectacular conquests that took them from the Danube to the Yellow Sea. Their empire was seen as the final triumph of the nomadic "barbarians."In this remarkable book Stanley Stewart sets off on a pilgrimage across the old empire, from Istanbul to the distant homeland of the Mongol hordes. The heart of his odyssey is a thousand-mile ride, traveling by horse, through trackless land. On a journey full of bizarre characters and unexpected encounters, he crosses the desert and mountains of Central Asia to arrive at the windswept grasslands of the steppes, the birthplace of Genghis Khan. (6 x 9, 288 pages)" http://steppemagazine.com/articles/feature-istalif-pottery/ Thomas Wide, "Istalif Pottery," Steppe Magazine. Issue 5, winter 2008. Travel writer Thomas Wide's short article on the pottery makers of Afghanistan's Istalif region/city and their troubles with British and Taliban. http://www.nhn.ou.edu/~jeffery/writer/byron_robert.html "Robert Bryron (1905-41)," Robert Bryon was a travel writer, architecture critic, and historian noted especially for his travel narrative, " The Road to Oxiana," 1937. Note tabs for "Images," and "Bryon on Buddhas of Bamiyan." Bamiyan Buddhist sculptures blown up by the Taliban. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2013/mar/27/william-dalrymple-top-10-afghanistan-books "William Dalrymple's Top 10 Afghanistan books," Guardian/books, March 27, 2013. Travel writer and historian William Dalrymple claims "it was a bad idea to invade Afghanistan, but a good idea to write about Afghanistan." See Dalrymple's website and new book, " Return of a King. The Battle for Afghanistan 1839-42," published in India by Bloomsbury December 2012 and in UK February 2013 and in US by Knopf April 2013. http://www.williamdalrymple.uk.com/ http://steppemagazine.com/articles/food-flatbreads/ Naomi Duguid and Jeffrey Alford, "Food: Flatbreads," Steppe Magazine, Issue 3, winter 2007. Duguid and Alford are travellers, writers, photographers and cooks and in this short article explain the use of tandoor ovens in making flatbreads in central Asia, specifically Afghanistan. http://www.academia.edu/1048636/The_Portrayal_of_America_in_Arab_Travel_Narratives Khaled Al-Quzahy, "The Portrayal of America in Arab Travel Narratives," a paper for the Masters Programme of Sidi Mohammed Bin Abdullah University, 2008/2009. Perhaps this paper is a raw sample, but the Muslim travel writers described can be of use and the author as a Muslim provides interesting point of view as to analysis of his research. http://www.amazon.co.uk/Out-Steppe-Daniel-Metcalfe/dp/0091925525 Daniel Metcalfe, "Out of Steppe: The Lost Peoples of Central Asia," Hutchinson Publishers, 2009. See reviews and other books in this genre. See Daniel Metcalfe's website: http://danielmetcalfe.com/ http://www.uzbekjourneys.com/2011/07/langston-hughes-african-american-writer.html "Langston Hughes African American Writer," Uzbek Journeys, July 24, 2011. American poet and author was also a traveler journeying to central Asia in the early 1930's. Hughes penned a slim travel narrative in 1934, " A Negro Looks at Central Asia ." 1500 copies were published by the Cooperative Publishing Society of Foreign Workers in the U.S.S.R. of which there are two left, one in Leningrad and the other at Yale. Hughes wrote "glowing descriptions of USSR as a worker's paradise where people regardless of colour were equal." In 1956 he wrote "I Wonder as I Wander " where his Central Asia sojourn fills 90 pages. See at the end of this article links to Hughes' photographs and an audio and video recording of his poetry readings. http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20061029/news_lz1j29newby.html Margalit Fox, "Eric Newby; a master of travel writing and understatement," U-T San Diego, October 29, 2006. Ms. Fox references Erick Newby (1920-2006) as the best British post-WW II travel writer most famous for his acclaimed travel narrative, " A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush," 1958. http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/essay-10-12.html "Women as Cultural Emissaries: Consider 19th/Early 20th century Travellers," Women in World History Curriculum. Gertrude Bell (Arab world), Mary Kingsley (West Africa), and Mary Seacole (born in Jamaica travelled to Panama, Crimea) are highlighted along with links to their travel narratives. http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/book-review--journey-through-a-watery-paradise-lost-a-reed-shaken-by-the-wind--gavin-maxwell-eland-899-pounds-1438666.html Caroline Moorehead, "Book Review/Journey through a watery paradise lost: 'A Reed Shaken by the Wind' -Gavin Maxwell: Eland, 8.99 pounds,"The Independent (UK), May 26, 1994. The 1991 Shia uprising against Saddam Hussein failed and many took refuge in the alluvial plains of southern Iraq reviving interest in these people allowing Eland to re-publish Gavin Maxwell's 1957 People of the Reeds in 2003 as A Reed Shaken by the Wind . http://www.travelbooks.co.uk/book_detail.asp?id=14 Travel writer Wilfred Thesiger had lived with these "marsh Arabs" for years and Gavin Maxwell (1914-1969) convinced Theisger to take him along on his last journey among the Ma'dan of the Marshes in 1956. Original travel narrative: Gavin Maxwell, " People of the Reeds ," New York: Pyramid Books, 1957. http://www.pw.org/content/poets_of_protest 25 minute Video/Film. Is Manal Al Sheikh a travel writer, er, blogger? Push Pull migration theme also. Manal Al Sheikh says it is dangerous for her to be a writer in her hometown of Nineveh, Iraq, so the exiled poet tries to inspire her readers online from Stavanger, Norway. This short film, directed by Roxana Vilk and aired on Al Jazeera English, explores the Middle East through its contemporary poets as they struggle to lead, to interpret, and to inspire. Seen in USA Africa dialogue list serve posted by Chidi Anthony Opara Feb/March 2013. http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/moving-lives Sidonie Smith, " Moving Lives-Twentieth-Century Women Travel Writers ," University of Minnesota Press, 2001. Smith has interesting focus on women and their use of 20th century transportation technologies used to narrate their global travel. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/women-of-national-geographic/ "Women of National Geographic," National Geographic 125 Year Celebration, 2013. Note photos of women scientists, botanists, explorers, all travel writers also. Click on photo or name to see their travels and work.

North America: http://www.learner.org/amerpass/unit01/authors-5.html "Native Voices, Black Elk (1863-1950) and John Neidhardt (1881-1973)," American Passages: A Literary Survey, Annenberg Learner site. John Neidhardt, travel poet of the west, documented Black Elk's life and mysticism. http://www.roadjunky.com/article/964/hunter-thompson-gonzo-journalist "Hunter Thompson Gonzo Journalist," Road Junky website, June 18, 2011. Hunter Thompson as travel writer. http://www.3news.co.nz/Travel-writer-Bob-Bone---full-interview/tabid/420/articleID/232452/Default.aspx "Travel Writer Bob Bone-full interview on Hunter S. Thompson," 3News (New Zealand), November 11, 2011. Video and transcript. http://www.themillions.com/2005/05/travel-writing-by-train-by-andrew.html Andrew Saikali, "Travel Writing by Train," MM The Millions website, May 4, 2005. Saikali focuses on Paul Theroux and Bill Bryson's train narratives. http://www.amazon.com/Writing-Rails-Adventures-Best-Loved-Writers/dp/1579122051 Edward C. Goodman, ed., " Writing the Rails: Train Adventures by the World's Best-Loved Writers," New York: Black Dog and Leventhal Publishing, 2001. 101 Train Travel Stories. See four "customer" reviews. https://www.createspace.com/3420103;jsessionid=0A8FF11AF37D997564ACD356773C167B.b0f2e0625dec7176eadfd7c795c82976 Steve McCarthy, " Road Trippin': A Guide to the Best West Coast Trips-Ever!" CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2010. See four reviews in: http://www.amazon.com/Road-Trippin-Guide-coast-Trips-Ever/dp/1449982808 http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/balayogiv-1545189-nasa-astronaut-douglas-wheelock-photos-space-ship/ "NASA Astronaut Douglas Wheelock Photos from Space Ship," Author Stream. See 27 slide powerpoint and transcript from Wheelock's twitter photos and travel narrative from space. http://leiffrenzel.de/papers/timetravel-narrative.pdf Leif Frenzel, "Narrative Patterns in Time Travel Fiction," paper, 2008. For more information on author see: http://leiffrenzel.de http://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/3132/1/Feminismos_4_04.pdf Ozlem Ezer (York University, Canada), "A Challenge to Travel Literature and Stereotypes by Two Turkish Women: Zayneb Hanoum and Selma Ekrem," Feminisme/s, 4, diciembre 2004, pp. 61-68. Seen in Rua_ Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Alicante. Early 20th century perspective of the West by two Turkish women travel writers. http://travel2.nytimes.com/2005/09/25/travel/25istanbul.html?_r=0 Rick Lyman, "A City of Many Pasts Embraces the Future," NY Times Travel, September 25, 2005. Travel writer Rick Lyman features a travelogue of Istanbul as it enters the 21st century.

Asia/SE ASIA: http://www.asianreviewofbooks.com/new/?ID=1404 #! Kerry Brown, Asian Review of Books, March 16, 2013 review of John Everard, " Only Beautiful Please: A British Diplomat in North Korea ," Asia-Pacific Research Network, June 2012. British ambassador to Pyongyang recounts his 2006-2008 diplomatic assignment in North Korea. http://www.transitionsabroad.com/information/writers/travel_writing_contest.shtml Travel Writing Contest, Transitions Abroad. See 2006-2013 Travel writing place winning narratives. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/sir-patrick-leigh-fermor-soldier-scholar-and-celebrated-travel-writer-hailed-as-the-best-of-his-time-2296162.html Artemis Cooper, "Sir Patrick Leigh Fermor: Soldier, Scholar and Celebrated Travel Writer Hailed as Best of his Time," Independent, June 11, 2011. http://www.nybooks.com/books/authors/patrick-leigh-fermor/ "Patrick Leigh Fermor," (1915-2011), New York Review of Books. NYRB reviews all of Fermor's travel narratives. To read those reviews click on image of book covers on left of page. Fermor's " The Traveller's Tree" highlighted his late 1940's journey throughout the Caribbean islands. http://patrickleighfermor.wordpress.com/ Justin Marozzi, "The Longest Journey Will Always Lie Ahead," Patrick Leigh Fermor wordpress blog, March 3, 2013, first published in StandPoint July-August 2011. Blog posts honoring Patrick Leigh Fermor. http://eprints.utas.edu.au/11717/1/dorgelo-thesis.pdf Rebecca Dorgelo, "Travelling into History: The Travel Writing and Narrative History of William Dalrymple," paper submitted for Doctor of Philosophy degree, University of Tasmania, July 2011, 298 pp. pdf. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/research_publications_series/research_publications_online/sir_aurel_stein_study_day.aspx "Sir Aurel Stein-proceedings of the British Museum study day, March 2002," British Museum Research publication. Sir Aurel Stein was a British archaeologist active in the first half of the 20th century. See links to download full publication in pdf format. http://www.monkeytree.org/silkroad/stein.html "An Archeologist Follows His Dreams to Asia," monkey tree.org. Aurel Stein's travels to the Silk Road and narratives of those missions. Stein felt central Asia and the Silk Road was critical in understanding world history. See Teacher section. http://www.bdcconline.net/en/ "Stories of Chinese Christians," Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity, @2005-2012. Missionary travel writers share their faith converting Chinese. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-124641518.html Stephen L. Keck, "Picturesque Burma: British Travel Writing, 1890-1914," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, October 1, 2004, seen in High Beam Research. http://www.nhpborneo.com/book/b077 Owen Rutter, " British North Borneo: An Account of Its History, Resources and Native Tribes," Opus Publishing, 2008 seen in Natural History Publications. Originally published in 1922 Rutter's North Borneo travel account along with his 1929 " The Pagans of North Borneo" were the best until K. G. Tregonning's " Under Chartered Company Rule: North Borneo, 1886-1946" Singapore: University of Malaya Press, 1958. Rutter has written travel narratives of the legends of Sabah (one of the 13 easternmost states of Malaysia-North Borneo), Taiwan and the court martial of the "MS Bounty." See interesting comparative of Western plantation system and Sabah (N. Borneo) traditional farming legalities by Amity Doolittle, "Colliding Discourses: Western Land Laws and Native Customary Rights in Northern Borneo, 1881-1918," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 34 (I), pp. 97-126, February 2003. Printed in the United Kingdom. @2003 The National University of Singapore. http://www.metaglyfix.com/aad/pdfpubs/DoolittleSoutheastAsianStudies.pdf http://thebamboosea.wordpress.com/2011/04/28/ai-wu-journey-to-the-south-nanxing-ji/ "Ai Wu Journey to the South," The Bamboo Sea blog, April 28, 2011. Ai Wu, Chinese born 1904, travels through- out Southeast Asia and leaves his travel narrative, Journey to the South, as his experiences. https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/andrew-x-pham/catfish-and-mandala/ Andrew X. Pham, " Catfish and Mandala: A Two-Wheeled Voyage Through the Landscape and Memory of Vietnam," Picador, 2000. Pham, a Vietnamese-American, travels by bicycle around the Pacific rim back to Vietnam. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,436029,00.html Jamie James, "He Shall Bear Witness," Time Magazine, March 23, 2003 review of " The Gate," memoirs of Francois Bizot, a French scholar of Cambodian Buddhism who may be the only Westerner released from a Khmer Rouge Prison camp. His book tells his point of view as to horrible genocide 1975-1978 of Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge. See more as to Cambodian Literature: http://www.heritagecruise.net/cambodia/cambodia-facts/cambodia-literature.html "Cambodian Literature," Heritage Cruise website. Note Early Cambodian Literature to Present with comments on Khmer travel accounts/survivor accounts from France and US. http://www.csmonitor.com/Books/chapter-and-verse/2010/0726/What-to-read-about-the-Khmer-Rouge Marjorie Kehe, "What to Read about the Khmer Rouge," Christian Science Monitor, July 26, 2010. Note travel narratives and survivor accounts. See Chanrithy Him, " When Broken Glass Floats," Norton, 2001 and travel writing author who went to Cambodia and found the Khmer Rouge chief executioner, Duch. http://www.travelblog.org/Asia/Cambodia/South/Phnom-Penh/blog-764486.html "Khmer Survivor, part 1," Travel Blog, published January 31, 2013. Travel account of Phnom Penh, December 31-January 7, 2013 and descriptions of Cambodia and specifically the Khmer Rouge prison camps. See part 2: http://www.travelblog.org/Asia/Cambodia/South/Phnom-Penh/blog-769004.html http://beforeitsnews.com/china/2012/09/a-travel-narrative-that-tried-to-be-more-2443424.html "Before It's News" website reviews travel writer Tony Parfitt's " Why China Will Never Rule the World: Travels in the Two Chinas," Western Hemisphere Press, 2011, 424 pp., September 14, 2012.

Africa: http://www.transitionsabroad.com/listings/travel/narrative_travel_writing/travel-through-libya-ancient-wonders-desert-hallucinations.shtml Victor Paul Borg, "Travels Through Libya: Ancient Wonders," Transitions Abroad, 2009 Narrative Travel Writing Contest Winner, Victor Borg, excerpt on his travels through Libya. http://www.powells.com/biblio?show=TRADE PAPER:NEW:9781108010726:42.50#synopses_and_reviews John Roscoe, " The Northern Bantu: An Account of Some African Tribes of the Uganda Protectorate ," (Cambridge Library Collection-Travel and Exploration), Cambridge University Press, 2010. John Roscoe (1861-1932) was an ordained Christian minister elected a Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Society in 1912 for his ethnographic writings of Uganda. http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/journeys-from-scandinavia Elisabeth Oxfeldt, " Journeys from Scandinavia: Scandanavian Travel Writing in Africa, Asia, and South America-1840-2000 , " University of Minnesota Press, 2010. Oxfeldt focuses on Danish and Norwegian travelogues and how they perceive and portray encounters with the non-European other. http://www.countercurrents.org/marrouchi210108.htm Mustapha B. Marrouchi, "Horrors," Countercurrents.org, January 21, 2008. Marrouchi discusses European travel writing and it's depiction of "Africa and Africans as savages" with details from Bryan Mealer's The River is the Road ," 2007, Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, and others. http://www.ralphmag.org/DM/kapuscinski1.html Ignacio Schwartz two part review of Ryszard Kapuscinski, " Another Day of Life," Harcourt Brace Javanovich in Ralph Magazine (The Review of Arts, Literature, Philosophy and the Humanities). Polish born travel writer Kapuscinski's narrative of rebellion in Portuguese Anglo in 1975. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2007/jan/25/pressandpublishing.booksobituaries Victoria Brittain, "Ryszard Kapuscinski-obituaries," Guardian (UK). Born in Pinsk, what is now Belarus, Kapuscinski became a legend writing for the Polish News Agency, died 1975. http://www.peripatus.gen.nz/Books/FreLesAfr.html Peripatus (New Zealand) review of Peter B. Biddlecombe, " French Lessons in Africa, Travels With My Briefcase Through French Africa," 1993, 2002. Peripatus finds the 1993 thick paperback the best of Peter Biddlecombe's travel writing in that he writes eloquently of what he sees and doesn't try to be comedic as he is in later travel narratives. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/7975475/The-Masque-of-Africa-by-VS-Naipaul-review.html Ed O'Loughlin review (The Telegraph, September 5, 2010) of V.S. Naipaul, "The Masque of Africa: Glimpses of African Belief," Alfred A. Knopf, 2010. Naipaul (Nobel Prize in Literature 2001) retraces the footsteps of a number of Euro-American explorers who, in a way, paved the way for colonization of Africans and examines African spirituality. Beginning in Uganda in 2008 Naipaul sees Christianity and Islam as alien religions and treats African indigenous spirituality with respect. See also Eliza Griswold NY Times Sunday Book review (November 5, 2010), "The Nobelist and the Pygmies:" http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/07/books/review/Griswold-t.html?pagewanted=1&_r=0 See more point of view as to V.S. Naipaul: http://www.ligali.org/article.php?id=2118 Toyin Agbetu review of interview in London Evening Standard with journalist Geordie Greig and Trinidad's V.S Naipaul about Naipaul's travelogue, The Masque of Africa: Glimpses of African Belief, seen in ligali a human right and natural justice website. Agbetu claims The Evening Standard, Greig and V.S. Naipaul are racist and Africa haters. http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/WOR-TOP-the-congo-diary-why-we-love-to-hate-vs-naipaul-4017056-NOR.html Girish Karnad, "The Congo Diary: Why we love to hate V. S. Naipaul," Daily Bhaskar (India), November 6, 2012. Karnad agrees with Toyin Agbetu's argument that V.S. Naipaul is a racist and anti-Islam. http://books.google.com/books/about/Escape_from_slavery.html?id=u_81GYuQtkQC Francis Bok with Edward Tivan, " Escape From Slavery: My Ten Years of Slavery and Escape to America ," Macmillan, 2003. In 1986 a 7 yr. old Dinka boy in southern Sudan goes to market and is captured and taken north to work as a slave for ten years on a Sudanese farm plantation. His escape and travel to America is told in this travel narrative. See Google Book: http://books.google.com/books/about/Escape_from_Slavery.html?id=E1k9VOCC94sC See more on Francis Bok's modern day slave account: http://media.us.macmillan.com/teachersguides/9780312306243TG.pdf Francis Bok, " Escape From Slavery," St.Martins' Griffin Study Guide for teachers by Scott Pitcock. And more on "Africa South of the Sahara Slavery" from Stanford University: http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/history/hislavery.html Stanford's "Africa south of the Sahara" website. See links to Africa Diaspora. http://books.google.com/books/about/War_Child.html?id=B9xbGFk8V1AC (Google eBook) Emmanuel Jal and Megan Lloyd Davies, " War Child: A Child Soldier's Story ," Macmillian 2009. Sudan child soldier Emmanuel Jal memoir/travel account of his 2 civil wars in southern Sudan and success as an international rap star. http://www.fullbooks.com/In-Morocco1.html Edith Wharton, " In Morocco," Pt. 1-4 seen in Fullbooks.com. Wharton (1862-1937) classified her travel narrative of French Morocco (1918) as Morocco's first guide book. Wharton, an advocate of French imperialism, also traveled to the WW I front lines and wrote an account of that experience, " Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikbal_Ali_Shah "Ikbal Ali Shah," Wikipedia.org. Indian/Afghan author, diplomat and travel writer, born in 1894. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/19/books/review/19goodheart.html Adam Goodheart, "Home of the Brave," NY Times book review, 3/19/2006. Goodheart reviews Ikbal Ali Shah's British travel writing grandson, Tahir Shah's book, The Caliph's House: A Year in Casablanca, Bantam Books, February 2006, which is set in Morocco. http://www.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/04/05/alhassen.author.malcolmx/index.html Maytha Alhassen, "The Biographer who Shattered Malcolm X myths," CNN Opinion, April 5, 2011. Alhassen reviews Dr. Manning Marable's " Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention," which includes detailed accounts of Malcolm's three trips to the Middle East and Africa. http://africasacountry.com/2011/06/27/malcolm-x-in-africa/ Sean Jacobs, "Malcolm X in Africa," Africa Is A Country website, June 27, 2011. http://www.africaresource.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=268:malcolm-x-travels-to-africa-and-gain-new-insights&Itemid=346 "Malcolm X Travels to Africa to Gain New Insights," AfricaResource, May 5, 2007. Bernice Bass interview with Malcolm X after his trips to Middle East and Africa transcript (5 pp.). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_God%27s_Children_Need_Traveling_Shoes " All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes ," Wikipedia. Maya Angelou, " All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes," Random House, 1986 is Angelou's travel narrative of her three years living in Accra, Ghana (1962-65).

Oceania: http://katehamilton.net.au/category/travel-writing/ Australian Kate Hamilton website with 2004-2013 examples of her travel narratives. http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/index/founder_and_teachers/mau.html Mau Pius Pialug, Micronesian double canoe skilled sailor re-introduced Oceanic/Hawaiian navigation by stars and seas to modern Oceania. Pialug navigated 2,400 miles from Hawai'i to Tahiti in 1976. See videos and travel accounts: http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/holokai/1976/ben_finney.html Ben Finney, "1976 Hawaii to Tahiti and Back," Hawaiian Voyaging Traditions, 1976. In 1980 native Hawaiians made the round trip from Hawaii to Tahiti. He passed on his skills to others before his death as seen in this article by Brian Handwerk, "Pacific Islander Use Stars to Sail Canoes From New Zealand to California," National Geographic New Watch, August 31, 2011: http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2011/08/31/pacific-islanders-use-stars-to-sail-canoes-from-new-zealand-to-california/ http://www.wright.edu/~martin.kich/BookBox/Travel.htm Martin Kich (Professor of English, Wright State U.-Lake Campus), "Some Notes on the Travel Narrative, with Special Emphasis on Tony Horowitz's " One for the Road: Hitchhiking Through the Australian Outback," nd. Martin Kich begins this essay explaining the difference between travel narratives and travel guides. http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/books/island-paradise-or-bad-apple-20130313-2g0oy.html Peter Pierce review ("Island Paradise or Bad Apple?") of Julianne Schultz and Natasha Cica, eds., " Tasmania The Tipping Point ?" Griffith Review39 A Quarterly of New Writing and Ideas seen in The Age (Australia), March 16, 2013. Tasmania The Tipping Point? includes an anthology of essays written by travel writers and others examining Tasmanian culture, landscape, and history. This is a series of works, lectures and studies of Tasmania done in conjunction with The Griffith Review39 and University of Australia, Sydney. Listen to 1 hour and 18 minute audio podcast highlighting this series: http://sydney.edu.au/sydney_ideas/lectures/2013/tasmania_tipping_point.shtml http://www.reportsfrombeyond.com/aboutthebook.php Patrick Richardson, "Reports from beyond-A Journey through life to remote places," Ultima Thule Press 2008. Cook Islands travel. See other Cook Island travel writers: The Cook islands have produced many writers. One of the earliest was Stephen Savage, a New Zealander who arrived in Rarotonga in 1894. A public servant, Savage compiled a dictionary late in the 19th century. The first manuscript was destroyed by fire but he began work again and the Maori to English dictionary was published long after his death. The task of completing the full dictionary awaits some scholar. Samoa had Robert Louis Stevenson and Tahiti had Paul Gauguin. The Cook Islands had Robert Dean Frisbie, a Californian writer who, in the late 1920s, sought refuge from the hectic world of post-war America and made his home on Pukapuka . Eventually, loneliness, alcohol and disease overcame Frisbie but not before he had written sensitively of the islands in numerous magazine articles and books. His grave is in the CICC churchyard in Avarua, Rarotonga. His eldest daughter, Johnny, now living on Rarotonga, is also a writer and has produced a biography of her family titled "The Frisbies of the South Seas". Another fugitive from the metropolis of London was Ronald Syme, founder of the pineapple canning enterprise on Mangaia and author of "Isles of the Frigate Bird" and "The Lagoon is Lonely Now". In similar vein, an English expatriate who lived on Mauke , Julian Dashwood, wrote "South Seas Paradise" under the pseudonym, Julian Hillas. Sir Tom Davis (deceased), an ex-Prime Minister and renowned ocean sailor, knew his island history and had an exhaustive knowledge of ancient Polynesian navigational techniques. His autobiography, "Island Boy", details his career. As well as being president of the Cook Islands Oceangoing Vaka Association, he wrote an historical novel "Vaka" which is the story of a Polynesian ocean voyage.

Latin America/Caribbean: http://library.brown.edu/cds/travelogues/waliszewski.html Mia Waliszewski, "The Role of Travel Writing in Reconstructing History of Latin America," Center for Latin America and Caribbean Studies, Brown University. http://www.academia.edu/1052235/Ernesto_Che_Guevara_Reminiscences_of_the_Cuban_Revolutionary_War_and_the_Politics_of_Guerrilla_Travel_Writing JP Spicer-Escalante (Utah State University), "Ernesto 'Che Guevara, Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War, and the Politics of Guerrilla Travel Writing," Studies in Travel Writing, Vol. 15, No. 4, December 2011, pp. 393-405 seen in academia.edu. http://www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=9780415991216 Claire Lindsay, "Contemporary Travel Writers of Latin America," Routledge 2009. Summary seen in Powell Books ad. Ms. Lindsay examines domestic journey narratives that have been produced by travellers from the continent itself and largely in Spanish. She focuses on travel writers who have been to Patagonia, the Andes, Mexico, and the Mexican-US border. http://www.acampbell.org.uk/bookreviews/r/fleming . Anthony Campbell, "Peter Fleming " Brazilian Adventure," Anthony Campbell Book Reviews blogsite (UK), November 4, 2008. Campbell analyzes Peter Flemings travel adventure in 1932 Brazil in this short review. http://www.travelerstales.com/catalog/brazil/ Annette Haddad and Scott Doggetti, editors, " True Stories of Life on the Road," June 2004 seen in Traveler's Tales catalog site. Los Angeles Times journalists put together travel writer's perspectives of 20th century Brazil. http://udadisi.blogspot.com/2013/03/being-black-in-latin-america.html (Book review) Chambi Chachage, "Being Black in Latin America," UDADISI blog, March 14, 2013. Chambi Chachage reviews Henry Louis Gates Jr. travelogue, "Black in Latin America," NY University Press, 2011. Dr. Gates travels to six Latin American countries (Brazil, Mexico, Peru, Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Cuba) beginning in February 2010 for research and filming for PBS April 19, 2011 TV program "Blacks in Latin America" series. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/black-in-latin-america/ Gates' thesis might be to analyze "the many ways in which race and racism are configured differently in Latin America than they have been in the US." http://www.thehemingwayproject.com/809/ Allie Baker, "An Interview With Travel Writer David Lansing: Following the Hemingway Trail," The Hemingway Project, February 17, 2010. David Lansing, himself a travel writer, has followed Hemingway's travel route world-wide and discusses those trips. http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/oldman/section1.rhtml " The Old Man and the Sea," Spark Notes lesson plan to help teach Hemingway's classic tale set in Cuba. http://www.bbc.com/travel/slideshow/20121207-the-worlds-last-great-wilderness Karen Bowerman, "The World's Last Great Wilderness," BBC slideshow, December 7, 2012. AntarcticaTravel writing. Who is Karen Bowerman: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Bowerman http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2010/oct/19/tintin-adventure-jordan-petra Georgia Brown, "Blistering Barnacles, Tintin, it's the rose-red city!" Guardian (UK), October 19, 2010. Belgian graphic (cartoonist) artist Herge develops comic hero Tintin after Carter's archaeological digs in Egypt (1922) and French author Jules Verne. Cartoonist as travel writer of guidebooks? http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/28/world/europe/tintin-archaeological-escapades/ Laura Allsop, "Comic Book Hero Tintin archaeological escapades," CNN World/Europe, October 28, 2011. Tintin II seen in Stephen Spielberg movie http://www.pbs.org/wnet/tavissmiley/interviews/travel-writer-paul-theroux/ Tavis Smiley video podcast interview with Travel Writer Paul Theroux, PBS, May 26, 2011. (13 min. 13 sec.)

Europe: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/ESC/article/viewFile/308/285 Douglas Ivison (Lakehead University, Alberta, Canada), "Travel Writing at the End of Empire: A Pom Named Bruce and the Mad White Giant." Ivison focuses on "two white male British travel writers, Bruce Chatwin and Benedict Allen in light of decline of British empire." Dr. Ivison begins his essay by stating that, "The practice of travel writing, and that of reading travel books, was inextricably intertwined with the creation and maintenance of European imperialism." http://www.yourlifeisatrip.com/home/honoring-americas-fallen-soldiers-in-normandy-1.html Roy Stevenson, "Honoring America's Fallen Soldiers in Normandy," yourlifeisatrip website, nd. Travel writer Roy Stevenson's tribute to fallen Americans at Normandy in WW II. http://www.roy-stevenson.com/ Roy Stevenson travel writing website. http://everythingworldwar2.com/world_war_2_special_topics/POW_Prisoner_of_War_World_War2.html "Prisoner of War accounts WW II," Everything World War website. http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/unbound/flashbks/west/west1.htm Rebecca West, " Black Lambs and Grey Falcon: A Journey Through Yugoslavia , Pt. 1" The Atlantic Monthly, January 1941. Rebecca West's travel book about her travels in Yugoslavia seen in five installments. Ms. West was eager to explore the Balkans due to WW I and how it had affected her generation. Her 1150 pages is a travelogue based on her travels from 1936-1938 and a vivid account of the violent history of the Balkans. She became an admirer of the Serbs. See more: http://www.nytimes.com/books/00/09/10/specials/west.html "Featured Author: Rebecca West," NY Times on the Web, 1999. Reviews of all Rebecca West books. http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=1538544 Ruth Pierce, "Trapped in 'Black Russia': Letters June-November 1915," Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co./Riverside Press Cambridge, 1918. Seen in Gutenberg Project, release date: April 3, 2008. Read Chapter three of Pierce's letters, after her arrest by Czarist officials: http://www.readcentral.com/chapters/Ruth-Pierce/Trapped-in-Black-Russia-Letters-June-November-1915/004 Read Central.com http://m.youtube.com/#/watch?v=k62eaN9-TLY&desktop_uri=%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dk62eaN9-TLY John Reed's " 10 days that shook the world" is basically a story of his travel to Russia. Here is Eisenstein movie of the account. Classic early soviet cinema. Youtube. http://www.bijusukumaran.com/tag/spies/ Biju Sukumaran, "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier....Travel Writer?" The Lone Writer blog, January 21, 2013. Sukumaran posts this article on Hungarian Eugene Fodor, talented guide book author, hired by the OSS as a spy. Fodor might be one who encouraged travelers to experience people, food and drink as opposed to slogging from ancient monument to ancient monument. See more: http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700120680/Eugene-Fodor-feted-as-the-spy-who-loved-travel.html?s_cid=rss-5 Leanne Italie, "Eugene Fodor feted as the spy who loved travel," Desert News, Salt Lake City, Utah, March 22, 2011. http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/norfolk_based_author_bill_bryson_fears_britain_is_becoming_greedy_1_481222 Sarah Hall, "Norfolk-based author Bill Bryson Fears Britain is Becoming Greedy," EDP24, UK, May 31 2010. This is not an Onion article, but a comment on travel writer Bill Bryson's change over time analysis of England 1970's to 2010. http://metro.co.uk/2011/11/07/pj-orourke-politics-in-the-us-is-bland-compared-to-europe-211526/ "PJ O'Rourke: Politics in the US is bland compared to Europe," Metro (UK), November 7, 2011. Metro interview with American travel writer P. J. O'Rourke. O'Rourke's " Holidays in Hell " is humorous travel book. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/11/12/p-j-o-rourke-picks-his-favorite-travel-books.html "PJ O'Rourke Picks His Favorite Travel Books," The Daily Beast, November 12, 2011. http://hermetic.com/crowley/ "Aleister Crowley," Hermetic. Satanist, occultist....and travel writer. Who was Aleister Crowley? (d. 1947). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleister_Crowley And why was he considered a bad boy? http://www.jesus-issavior.com/False%20Religions/Wicca%20&%20Witchcraft/aleister_crowley.htm http://www.enotes.com/contemporary-travel-narratives-essays/contemporary-travel-narratives Criticism of contemporary travel narratives to 2003, Contemporary Literary Criticism, @ 2005 Gale Cengage seen in enotes.com. Examples from this short essay: "Stephen Kohl believes travel writing is autobiographical revealing the author's personality. Patrick Holland and Graham Huggan warns of travel writing's spread of ethnocentrism and cultural superiority yet is good to introduce the middle class to the world. Scholar Paul Fussell claims that travel writing is "haven for second-rate [literary] talents."' http://www.helsinki.fi/collegium/e-series/volumes/volume_1/001_10_doloughan.pdf Fiona J. Doloughan (University of Surrey), "Narrative of Travel and the Travelling Concept of of Narrative: Genre Blending and the Art of Transformation," seen in Collegium, Matti Hyvarinen, Anu Korhonen & Juri Mykkanen (eds.) The Travel Concept of Narrative. Studies across Disciplines in the Humanities and Social Sciences/. Helsinki: Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, 2006, 134-144. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bernard-starr/wandering-jews-of-the-diaspora-where-are-they_b_2595402.html Bernard Starr, "Wandering Jews of the Diaspora: Where Are They?" Huffington Post Religion Blog, February 12, 2013. Travel writer Bernard Starr began a journey to 89 Jewish diaspora sites beginning in 1964. http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/new-york-news/jewish-week-travel-writer-gabe-levenson-98 Robert Goldblum, Obit. "Jewish Week Travel Writer Gabe Levenson, 98," The New York Jewish Week, September 11, 2012. Magazines/Websites: Laphams' Quarterly -2009 Travel edition http://www.laphamsquarterly.org/magazine/travel.php Sample Primary sources: Oregon Trail 1846 http://www.thefastertimes.com/slowtravel/2009/11/02/travels-with-laphams-quarterly-starvation-on-the-oregon-trail-1846/ Tomis 1st century http://www.laphamsquarterly.org/voices-in-time/exile.php http://fodors.com/ Fodors Travel Guide on-line originated in Hungary by Eugene Fodor in the 1930's. Fodor encouraged meeting the people, experiencing the food and drink of the land visited as opposed to hiking from ancient ruin to ancient ruin. Fodor's reputation has been enhanced by his work as an OSS and CIA spy. See articles on the Travel Guide spy in the 1900-Present section above. http://alittleadrift.com/best-travel-books/ "Best Travel Books, Films and Music," A Little Adrift. Note tabs and links for countries or regions. http://steppemagazine.com/backissues/ Steppe Magazine, a subsidiary of The Christian Science Monitor, has wonderful articles by travel writers, photographers describing far regions of the world. http://www.geographia.com/grandtour/index.htm Grand Tour magazine for travel writing produced on-line by Georgraphia. http://blacktravelwriters.wordpress.com/ Black Travel Writers Association. See on-line journal: http://www.africandiasporatourism.com/ http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/28/required-reading-steppe-magazine/ Nathan Lump, "Required Reading/Steppe Magazine," T magazine blog, NY Times Travel, July 28, 2009. Mr. Lump briefly reviews Steppe Magazine. http://www.ralphmag.org/ RALPH Magazine website, editor Lolita Lark, The Review of Arts, Literature, Philosophy and the Humanities. Many travel accounts within this site's articles. https://resantiq.wordpress.com/about-res-antiquitatis/ "RES ANTIQUITATIS," Journal of Ancient History, ed. Francisco Carmelo. Website for this journal and note emphasis on cultural otherness, example, Orientalism. Note reference to Travel accounts. http://www.worldhum.com/ World Hum, Internet journal on modern travel writers and travel narratives. See example of interview with travel writer Pico Iyer: http://www.worldhum.com/features/travel-interviews/pico_iyer_travel_writing_20061104/ Matthew Davis, "Pico Iyer: On Travel and Travel Writing," WorldHum-The Best Travel Stories on the Internet, November 4, 2006. http://www.travel-studies.com/travel-narratives-spring-2013 Professor Steve Hutkins "Travel Studies" website, 2013, including syllabus, assignments, research, travel narratives for his New York University Gallatin School of Individualized Study course. Who is Professor Hutkins? http://www.gallatin.nyu.edu/academics/faculty/ssh1.html http://www.h-net.org/~travel/ H-Travel, online Network of the History of Travel, Transport, and Tourism, H-Net Michigan State University. http://www.satw.org/ Society of American Travel Writers website. http://www.freelancewriting.com/guidelines/pages/Travel/ "Travel Writers Guidelines," Fee Lance Writing, last updated February 16, 2013. See an exhaustive listing of Travel magazines and their websites. http://traveloutward.com/archives/category/articles "Articles in the Travel Category," Travel Outward website. Note these travel articles from Travel Outward site are stories from all over the globe from 2000-2007. http://paperbacktraveler.com/ "Travel Literature Reviews and Recommendations," {paperback travelers] website @ 2008-2009. Note many travel writers and their books/travel narratives. http://asiabookroom.com/index.cfm Asia Book Room website with annotated links to Asian books including many travel narratives and accounts. http://travelwriters.blogspot.com/2005/11/travel-quiz.html Carl Parkes Travel Writers blogspot, 2005...at first one could find this site not impressive, but clicking on past "issues" on the right can be fruitful as to travel writing resources. http://www.travelwritersjourney.webs.com/ Travel Writer's Journey website. http://www.adventurecollection.com/the-adventurous-traveler-blog , Don George, ed., "The Adventurous Traveler Blog." See four part "Into Africa" accounts by Don George. http://www.writers.net/writers/topic/112/130 "Travel Writers," Writers Net website/list serve for writers, Editors, Agents, Publishers. http://suite101.com/article/two-types-of-travel-writing-a60178 Adam Williams, "Two Types of Travel Writing," suite101.com, July 12, 2008. Mr. Williams breaks down travel writing into two categories, narratives and guide books and supplies examples of each in this short article. http://www.travelwriterstales.com/links.htm Travel Writers Tales website. See Canadian travel writing links. http://www.transitionsabroad.com/listings/travel/travel_writing/index.shtml "Transitions Abroad" website with many links on travel writing. http://www.oldworldwandering.com/2012/08/12/angkor-temples/ Iain Manley and Claire vd. Heever "old world wandering" Travel Abroad website. http://www.silk-road.com/toc/index.html Silk Road Foundation Home page. See Travel resources tabs on left side of page. Tabs for Trade routes, Travel routes, Maps for Marco Polo, Rubruck, Fa-hsien, and Xuanzang. Bibliography: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/IHSP-travelers.html Paul Halsall, editor, "Traveler's Accounts," Internet History Sourcebooks Project, Fordham University Library, page created February 24, 2001, updated March 20, 2007. Contents include links to Ancient Travelers, Greek, Roman, Medieval, Early Modern, Modern European, Jewish, Muslim, Chinese, Japanese, Printed Primary Sources, and Secondary Literature. http://science.jrank.org/pages/8129/Travel-from-Europe-Middle-East.html "Travel from Europe and the Middle East-Ancient and Medieval Travel: Epic Heroes, Pilgrims, and Merchants, Renaissance Travel: Exploration and Empire," science.jrank.org. Bibliography of sources. http://www.horizonbook.com/asia.html "Rare, antiquarian, used & out-of-print books on Asia, & Asia travel including China, Japan, Southeast Asia, India, Siberia, Russia, Middle East, Arabia, Persia, Himalaya, Mountaineering for sale at Horizon Books." nd. See "How to Order" link at bottom of this extensive list. http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/travellers/ "A Vision of Britain Through Time: Travel Writing," University of Portsmouth and others, 2009. This may be the largest collection of British travel writers on the web beginning with Gerald of Wales 1188 and 1190's narratives of Gerald's travels through Wales. http://www.articlesbase.com/travel-articles/a-brief-history-of-travel-writing-2886257.html "A Brief History of Travel Writing," articlesbase.com. Euro-centric slim essay on history and travel writing, Petrarch to Robert Louis Stevenson's " Travels with a Donkey," a satirical look at travel writing. http://www.tutorgigpedia.com/ed/Travel_literature "Travel Literature," Tutorgigpedia.com. Excellent bibliography of travel literature over time. http://cw.routledge.com/ref/travellit/azentriesj2.html Jennifer Speake, ed., "Literature of Travel and Exploration-An Encyclopedia," 3 Vols., Routledge, 2003. List of all entries in alphabetical order. See introduction: http://cw.routledge.com/ref/travellit/introduction.pdf See Jesuit travel narratives: http://cw.routledge.com/ref/travellit/azentriesj2.html#jesuit Jennifer Speake, ed., "Literature of Travel and Exploration-An Encyclopedia," 3 Vols. Routledge, 2003. Jesuit narratives. http://libguides.lib.msu.edu/content.php?pid=62444&sid=460666 "Native American Studies Research Guide," Michigan State Library resources, last update April 26, 2013. See travel narratives/accounts. http://library.furman.edu/specialcollections/travel_lit/travel_lit_resources.htm "Travel Literature Resources," Special Collection and Archives at James B. Duke Library, Furman University, Greenville, S.C.. Mostly early modern/modern travel writer resources links listed by country and period. http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/southasia/lach.html Donald F. Lach, "Asia In the Eyes of Europe Sixteenth-Eighteenth Centuries," University of Chicago Library 1991. 1000 catalogues for this University of Chicago Exhibition were produced including a Preface, Introduction, and Bibliography of sources. http://www.libraries.iub.edu/index.php?pageId=1001075 "Travel Literature," Indiana University, Bloomington Library bibliography of 19th century British travel literature. Scroll down to see short list of Anthologies which include 19th century British travel literature. See 172 pp. of annotated bibliography for Travel Accounts 1700-1900 CE, Indiana University Library, updated 9/29/2007 below: [ DOC ]

Both Serials Databases - Indiana University Presents an English translation of portions of the travel account of ... that is printed here in translation. www. indiana.edu /~kdhist/J400-2007A-web/ travel -accounts-articles.doc And more: keyword "travel literature" 1700H OR 1800H AHL/HA * 9 ... www.indiana.edu/~kdhist/J400-2007A-web/travel-literature-articles.doc DOC file http://library.furman.edu/specialcollections/travel_lit/travel_lit_china.htm "Travel Literature China," Special Collection and Archives at James B. Duke Library, Furman Univeristy, Greenville, S.C. Europeans to China 18th-21st centuries. http://www.understandingchina.org/Early_Western_Resources_on_China.html Western Travel Accounts of China prior to 1912. Large number of sources. "Understanding China website." http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/s/sea/ "Southeast Asia Visions," John M. Echols Collection, Cornell University Library. A collection of 350 travel narratives of Southeast Asia. http://www.silk-road.com/artl/srtravelmain.shtml "Silk Road Travelers," Silk-Road.com. See bibliography: http://www.silk-road.com/artl/srtravelbib.html Silk-Road.com, Bibliography for Ancient Silk Road Travelers. http://www.transafrica.biz/en/books_to_read.php "Books to Read Before Traveling to Ghana, Burkina Faso, Togo, Benin," Transafrica. Many of the books listed with annotations are travel narratives. http://www.marinersmuseum.org/sites/default/files/travel_writing_bibliography.pdf "Biblio-Pilot Series-Travel Writing: A Selective Bibliography," The Mariners' Museum Library, compiled by Lisa DuVernay, February 2004. http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/unpacking/travelbibliography.html "Travel Narrative Resources Annotated Bibliography," World History Sources, Unpacking Primary Sources, George Mason University. http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/unpacking/travelonline.php "Travel Accounts Resources-Travel Narratives on-line," World History Sources, Unpacking Primary Sources, George Mason University. http://www.st-charles.lib.il.us/arl/booklists/travnarr.htm Travel Narratives book list (bibliography) from St. Charles, Illinois public Library. http://library.brown.edu/cds/travelogues/index.html Studying Latin America through Travelogues Home site for Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, Brown University, Dr. James N. Green lead instructor for site. Note Bibliography link on left of page developed by Mia Waliszewski: http://library.brown.edu/cds/travelogues/waliszewski_bibliography.html http://www.transitionsabroad.com/tazine/1006/index.shtml "Narrative Travel Writers Contest Winners and Latin American Volunteering, Travel, Study, Work and Living," Transitions Abroad website-TAzine the Transitions Abroad Webzine. 2011 Winners travel narratives from around the globe on left side of website with Latin American examples on right side of site. http://www.skidmore.edu/~jdym/LS2-210/bibliography.htm . Jordana Dyn, Bibliography for course, "Travel Writers and Travel Liars in Latin America: 1500-1900." Skidmore College, 2002. http://www.transitionsabroad.com/listings/travel/travel_writing/index.shtml Tim Leffel, "The Travel Writer's Guide," Transitions Abroad website. See resources, lists of best travel books, interviews with travel writers (American and European). http://www.transitionsabroad.com/tazine/0811/best-travel-narrative-books.shtml Volke Poeizl, "Top 8 Travel Narratives," Transitions Abroad Webzine, November 2008. (no link) Robert R. Hubach and John C. Dann, "Early Midwestern Travel Narratives: An Annotated Bibliography, 1634-1850 , first published in 1961, hardcover Wayne State University Press, 1998 Early Midwestern Travel Narratives records and describes first-person records of journeys in the frontier and early settlement periods which survive in both manuscript and print. Geographically, it deals with the states once part of the Old Northwest Territory -- Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota -- and with Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska. Robert Hubach arranged the narratives in chronological order and makes the distinction among diaries (private records, with contemporaneously dated entries), journals (non-private records with contemporaneously dated entries), and "accounts", which are of more literary, descriptive nature. Early Midwestern Travel Narratives remains to this day a unique comprehensive work that fills a long existing need for a bibliography, summary, and interpretation of these early Midwestern travel narratives. http://dig.lib.niu.edu/ISHS/ishs-1953autumn/ishs-1953autumn-283.pdf Robert R. Hubach, "They Saw the Early Midwest/A Bibliography of Travel Narratives, 1722-1850," Digital Library Northern Illinois Unversity, 1953 pdf (7 pp.). http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/awhhtml/awgc1/travel.html "Travel Accounts American Women," The Library of Congress. Women travel accounts short bibliography and links to travel on the American frontier. http://www.americanjourneys.org/selection_process.html "American Journeys--Eyewitness Accounts of Early American Exploration and Settlement: A Digital Library and Learning Center," Wisconisn History Society. Click on tabs at the top to see bibliography of sources. http://www.members.shaw.ca/CanoeBC/heritage/biblio.htm "Fur Trade Bibliography," Primary Sources reproduced with permission of Dr. Gerhard J. Ens (PhD, Alberta, Canada). Many travel writers and travel narratives within these North American fur trade primary sources. http://www.billbuxton.com/furtrade.html#PacificNWLit Bill Buxton, "Books on the Early History of Canada, First Nations, the Fur Traders, and the Canoe," Bill Buxton website, last updated March 24, 2013. Many travel writers and narratives included. See also Central Asia tabs for bibliographies on climbing and travel to that region. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/A+bibliography+of+North-American+dissertations+on+travel+(1995-2002).-a0182338093 Martha A. Kallstrom, "A bibliography of North American dissertations on travel (1995-2002)," The Free Library, January 1, 2003. Kallstrom continues the biblographic work of Risa K. Nystrom who compiled bibliographies of North American dissertations from 1961-1995. These dissertations are from US and Canadian universities. http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1050&context=clcweblibrary&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fus.yhs4.search. yahoo.com%2Fyhs%2Fsearch%3Fhspart %3Davg%26hsimp%3Dyhs-ifm1%26p%3Drisa%2Bk.%2Bnystrom%2Bbibliography%2B 1961-1995%2Btravel%2Bdissertations%26type%3DAVG%26param1%3DcmFuZD0wLjkwMj Y4Njk3NjcyNTc5MTEmcD1yVk JOVDhRZ0VQMDE1VVlEQTRYdGdZTnVkNDJKTVV aWFBVT0JidU51dDBLM2NmLTkwMDMwN0VGQzRNM1htNW5 YOXQ0VTJyR2JTalM4VVpSTGtGU3FUVVZySmRZV WFpRWJWc0dXYVZsb1Q3emhRZ0d yaFFhR2hfaHNidDd1eU1FT25Ra0RPU0liS0IyaWN1QjBiS1gyd2pIbmZLMDBSOEpWRFo0R0hXdHdMbmpyYkFWYVcyN HJwbVFyWkdnZDU0eHJDYnl0SWhtUkxkc1l1ck5 Obm96SnhFUnlaemlaRFpjbGxLemtaSDFPS1F6VGstM0M2X09EMlVfV FdBaGJRTVI3dk9SZ1U3c3Y3ZHlWN2VtSXJoSHp NdjRfZ1R4LUZTSzJ2Uy1FTDZEU3QzOFNBaE9i QXRUeFd2WnYteUxqb2lOU2hnR3h6NGhRWElSalFoalQ0bHdhTWk0b0F3b3JIQVFOaFFzRDRNTVlac3lZOGFQT1Vuc WQ4VmRGOU9TbHd4TEtGcVh5UG8tSVB4R2xQc U53N3FQRVo3amtLUzJLT2RlN1EzX3FraDMzRnpSeEswNTVYVm VJcDJUbmNFRGctNXhEbXV6VW40Wk1Ya0thUT dwdnpPNFc2TzV4UjktM0d5YV9BUTImU1A9eWhz JmNobmw9YnJvd3Nlcl9pZSxvc193aW43LHNhcF9kc3AscHJvZF9mcmVlLHNhcF9kc3BfYnJvd3Nlcl9pZSxBVkcsZHNfY XZnLEFWR19VUywxNF8yXzAsMTRfMl8wX1VT LG5vX3NzbCxub19zc2xfVVM%253D%26param2%3Dbrowser_search _provider%26param3%3DAVG#search=%22risa% 20k.%20nystrom%20bibliography%201961-1995%20tra vel%20dissertations%22 Carlo Salzani and Steven Totosy de Zepetrek, "Bibliographies for Work in Travel Studies," Purdue University Press, November 25, 2012. Salzani and de Zepetrek have researched three decades (1980-2012) of bibliographies of bibliographies. Also seen at Academia.edu: http://www.academia.edu/1141217/Bibliography_for_Work_in_Travel_Studies http://english.cla.umn.edu/travelconf/cs.html University of Minnesota English Department Conference on American and British Travel Writing, 1997. Click on "day" to see links to summaries of speaker's topics. Introductory page: http://english.cla.umn.edu/travelconf/home.html See example: http://english.cla.umn.edu/TravelConf/abstracts/vandeBilt.html Edward van de Bilt (Leiden University), "Subversive Transference: Mark Twain and the end of Orientalism." http://dutch.berkeley.edu/2011/09/29/dutch-studies-conference-on-colonial-and-post-colonial-connections-in-dutch-literature/ Berkeley Conference-Dutch Studies on Colonial and Post colonial connections in Dutch literature....This itinerary for the September 2011 conference at U. of California, Berkeley is included in Bibliography section due to the many annotated resources/books (with abstracts) included at the end of this conference schedule. Some travel writers and travel narratives cited. http://www.longitudebooks.com/find/d/11357/pc/Favorites/mcms.html "86 Greatest Travel Books of all Time," Longtitude, September 2007. http://www.longitudebooks.com/find/d/2922/pc/Central%20&%20East%20Asia/printable/1 "Afghanistan," Reading and Travel Guide, Longitutde, nd. List of books one should read before traveling to Afghanistan, some being travel narratives. http://readerbuzz.blogspot.com/2012/01/top-ten-travel-narratives.html "Top Ten Travel Narratives," Reader Buzz blog, January 24, 2012. http://listverse.com/2008/05/12/top-10-great-travel-novels/ Shane Dayton, "Top 10 Great Travel Narratives," Listverse Ultimate Top Ten Lists, May 12, 2008. Focused on American travel writers. Annotated Bibliography of the History and Culture of Eastern ... http://www.silk-road.com/newsletter/vol3num1/6_turkistan.php Nathan Light (Miami U., Oxford, Ohio), "Annotated Bibliography of the History and Culture of E. Turkistan, Jungharia/Zungaria/Dzungaria, Chinese Central Asia, and Sinkiang/Xinjiang (for the 16th-20th centuries CE, excluding most travel narratives)" Silk Road Newsletter, Vol. 3, No. 1. Note that travel accounts related to formal expeditions are included. www.silk-road.com/newsletter/vol3num1/6_turkistan.php http://www.silk-road.com/newsletter/vol3num1/8_khataynameh.php "Last document of the Silk Road by Khataynammeh," Silk Road Newsletter, Vol. 3, No. 1. http://www.silk-road.com/artl/srtravelmain.shtml Daniel Waugh (U. of Washington) and Adela Lee (Silk Road Foundation), Travelers on the Silk Road, Silk Road Foundation @ 1997-2000. An annotated list of all important travelers on the Silk Road with links to further readings and bibliography. http://www.pilgrimsbooks.com/travel.html "Travel Classics and Guidebooks on the Himalayas, Nepal, Tibet, India and Central Asia," Pilgrim Publishing, Varanasi, India and Pilgrim Books House, Kathmandu, Nepal. Annotated list of travel classics and guidebooks. http://www.oberlin.edu/faculty/mhfisher/FisherCV.htm Dr. Michael H. Fisher, Oberlin College History faculty CV. Note publications and reviews by Dr. Fisher many travel accounts of India and Indian perspectives of the world. http://webdoc.gwdg.de/edoc/ia/eese/artic99/stamm/1_99.html Katie Stammwitz (TU Chemnitz), "'Telescope in the Other Direction: Four Interviews with Post Colonial Travel Writers. Pico Iyer, Frank Delaney, Dan Jacobson, and Dervla Murphy," EESE, January 1999. See travel books mentioned for each travel writer interviewed. http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=author%3A%22Simon+Digby%22&btnG=Search&as_sdt=2001&as_ylo=&as_vis=0 Bibliography of British Mughal India and Sufi historian Simon Digby which includes many travel accounts, Scholar google search. http://gethelp.library.upenn.edu/guides/hist/travelnarratives.html "Travel and Exploration Narratives and Guide Books," Penn Library @ University of Pennsylvania, last updated March 31, 2010. See more on University of Pennsylvania Online Books database: http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/browse?type=lcsubc&key=Voyages%20and%20travels%20%2d%2d%2018th%20century&c=x and more University of Penn resources: http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book//browse?type=lcsubc&key=Voyages%20and%20travels%20--%201700-1800&c=x "18th century Voyages and Travels" bibliography,Online Library, University of Pennsylvania. See Jules Verne and Rudyard Kipling travel books, etc. al. One may use this browser to search for any topic. Home page: http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu http://cooper.library.uiuc.edu/spx/class/Biography/Russianbio/rmrbio.htm "Russian Memoirs/Travel Resources," annotated bibliography, University of Illinois Library. http://xerxesbooks.com/catalog/RUSSIA%20-TRAVEL "Russia-Travel," Xerxes Books bibliography of Russian travel narratives. http://nomadankara.blogspot.com/ "Narratives of Travel Writers and Architectural History," Nomad Seminar Ankara 2012 held at Middle East Technological University-Ankara. Abstracts of papers presented at this seminar posted on nomadankara blog Jan. 14, 2013. Modern travel writers 19th-20th century and their descriptions of architecture mostly in Middle East. http://what-when-how.com/writers/travel-narrative-travel-log-writer/ "travel narrative (travel log) (Writers)," what-when-how.org In Depth Tutorials and Information, nd. Short list of travel narratives and writers with links to other world historical writers and poets. http://www.philipharland.com/travel/TravelReligionClassifiedBibliography.pdf Philip Harland, Angela Brkich, etc.al (Concordia University), "Travel and Religion in Antiquity: A Preliminary Classified Bibliography," June 10, 2005, 30 pp. pdf. See at the end of this bibliography Christian Liberature and archaeology- Travel, geography and Travel motifs and Travel Writers and cultural encounters. http://bachlab.balbach.net/coolread4.html#silkroad Stephen Balbach, "Cool Reading 2007," A reading journal with annotated reviews and links to books, many travel accounts. See links to 2004-2013 reviews. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_literature "Travel Literature," Wikipedia.org. See listing of travel literature over time. Also here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_literature#Notable_travel_writers_and_travel_literature http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chinese_travel_writers "Chinese Travel Writers," Wikipedia. See names of Chinese travel writers over time as tabs to brief biographies and their travel accounts. http://matadornetwork.com/notebook/the-importance-of-connecting-with-travel-writing-throughout-history/ Josh Y. Washington, "The Importance of Connecting With Travel Writing Throughout History," madtadore network, November 11, 2009. Writing website which has a short euro-centric travel writing list at the end of their short article except for Ibn Battuta, Che Guevarra, and Matsuo Basho. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/sep/19/travel-writing-writers-future William Dalrymple, "Home Truths on Abroad," The Guardian, September 18, 2009. Dalyrmple's delicious analysis of past and present euro-centric travel writing discusses what is to become of travel writing now that the world is smaller. Who are the successors to Bruce Chatwin, Norman Lewis and Wilfred Thesiger? He names a new generation of travel writers who have less to do with heroic adventures and posturing than an intimate knowledge of people and places even in the face of the "flattening" processes of globalization. http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/sep/16/travel-writers-favourite-books "My favourite travel book, by the World's greatest travel writers," Guardian, September 16, 2011. http://www.powells.com/subjects/travel/travel-writing/ Powells' books travel writing narratives. http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/14/peter-whitfield-talks-about-the-history-of-travel-literature/ John Williams, "Peter Whitfield Talks About the History of Travel Literature," NY Times Arts Beat, March 14, 2012. Williams interviews Peter Whitfield who discusses his book " Travel: A Literary History," and other travel writers, mainly modern. http://www.rolfpotts.com/books.html Rolf Potts, Vagabonding blogsite. Travel writer, Rolf Potts, shows an anthology of edited books which include his modern day travel narrative articles and essays. http://literature.britishcouncil.org/colin-thubron Bibliography of British travel writer Colin Thubron's (b. 1939 London) travel narratives and fiction, British Council of Literature newsletter, "Literature Matters," 2013. Thubron travel narratives chronicle Siberia, Russia, Syria, China, Jerusalem, and Lebanon ( The Hills of Adonis: A Quest in Lebanon , 1968). http://dannyreviews.com/s/travel.html "Travel," Danny Yee's Book Reviews, nd. See list of travel narratives linked to a book review of that book. http://alittleadrift.com/best-travel-books/ "Best Travel Books, Films and Music," A Little Adrift. Note tabs and links for books, etc. for individual countries or Region. http://www.indiana.edu/~jofr/review.php?id1319 "Journal of Folklore Research," last updated 2010. Large list of Folklore, music, fairy tales some being travel accounts. http://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-Companion-Writing-Companions-Literature/dp/0521786525 #_ Peter Hulme and Tim Youngs, ed., " The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing," 2002. Hulme and Youngs include English language travel narratives from 1500 to the Present. See also a review and bibliography, actually, examples of many othe Travel writing and travel narratives as one scrolls down the Amazon page. http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/libraries/rare/modernity/travel.html "Origins of Modernity-Travel Literature," University of Sydney Library (Australia), 1540-1800 online exhibition from Rare Book Library at University of Sydney. This section on travel literature. http://www.amazon.com/In-Oceania-Visions-Artifacts-Histories/dp/0822319985 #_ Nicholas Thomas, "In Oceania: Visions, Artifacts, Histories ," Duke University Press, 1997. Nicholas Thomas displays explorers, missionaries, fiction and travel writers, and Peoples of the Pacific to illustrate and examine Oceanic identities over time. http://guides.library.yale.edu/content.php?pid=66696&sid=521897 17th-18th Centuries African American Studies Primary Sources, Yale University Library. Includes Slavery and Slave Trade, slave narratives. http://guides.library.yale.edu/africanprimary "African History Primary Sources Guide," Yale University Library. See especially on right side of page primary sources, travel accounts, diaries, journals of British soldiers serving in the Boer War, South Africa. http://www.powells.com/biblio/65-9780321077103-1 Bibliography of primary sources, travel narratives on the Atlantic World--African, Western European, and the Americas. Powells' Books. http://www.bill88.com/science_fiction_writers/t/paul_theroux.html Paul Theroux travel books listed with notes on each one from bill88.com. http://www.escapeartist.com/unique_lifestyles/train_books.html "Riding the Rails-Books on Unique Train Rides Worldwide," Escape Artists website, @1999-2013. http://www.poemhunter.com/poems/travel/ "Poems About: Travel," Poem Hunter website. See hundreds of poems with Travel as their theme. http://www.pw.org/search/query?type=archive&keywords=travel%20narratives&start=1980&end=2013&op=Search "Poets and Writers" website search for Travel narratives. See annotated list which includes travel writing narratives. http://www.travelerstales.com/news/biblio2.html "Travelers' Tales Guide to the Best Adventure Travel Books," Travelers' Tales bibliography. http://www.classictravelbooks.com/ "Classic Travel Books," A Division of the Long Rider's Guild Press. See also The Classic "John Murray" Travel Collection after you click to enter site on left of page. http://www.theworldride.org/diplomacy.htm Equistarian Travel Writers sources, the worldwide.org. http://www.historicalnovels.info/ Historical novels website with 5000 novels and 500 book reviews, many with travels as a theme. See tabs on left of page for time periods. Sources included in "The Orient Express," Wikipedia: In popular cultureThe glamour and rich history of the Orient Express has frequently lent itself to the plot of books and films and as the subject of television documentaries. Literature:

Dracula (1897) by Bram Stoker : whilst Dracula escapes from England to Varna by sea, the cabal sworn to destroy him travels to Paris and takes the Orient Express, arriving in Varna ahead of him.
Murder on the Orient Express (1934) by Agatha Christie is one of the best known stories related to the Orient Express. It takes place on the Simplon Orient Express.
Oriënt-Express (1934) a novel by A. den Doolaard : it takes place in Macedonia .
The short story " Have You Got Everything You Want? " (1933), by Agatha Christie
The short story "On the Orient, North" by Ray Bradbury
Stamboul Train by Graham Greene
Travels with My Aunt by Graham Greene
Flashman and the Tiger by George MacDonald Fraser : Sir Harry Paget Flashman travels on the train's first journey as a guest of the journalist Henri Blowitz .
From Russia, with Love by Ian Fleming
The Orient Express appeared in the 2004 novel Lionboy and its sequel Lionboy: The Case by Zizou Corder. Charlie Ashanti was stowing away on the train on his way to Venice when he meet King Boris of Bulgaria.
Paul Theroux devotes a chapter of The Great Railway Bazaar to his journey from Paris to Istanbul on the Direct-Orient Express.
The Orient Express appeared as a technologically advanced (for its time) train in the book Behemoth , by Scott Westerfeld .

The following sources are replies from H-World listserve (February 16-17, 2012) answering my plea for assistance as to non-Western travel writers/travel literature. Thank you to all the professors and professionals who helped. John Maunu To: [email protected]

From: Wynn Gadkar-Wilcox Western Connecticut State University [email protected] I've always enjoyed Niccolao Manucci's firsthand account of Agra in the age of Shah Jahan, among many other topics. If " History of the Mogul Dynasty in India," his main work, is too dense, you can also enjoy the abridged version, "A Pepys of Mogul India." The longer version is out of copyright and available as a free google ebook.

From: Kevin C. Young [email protected] Although this is a western source (British journalist accompanying military expedition to Tibet in 1904), it is a primary source and really interesting: although written "in the long afternoon of Empire," this work is noteworthy not least because the author freely admits the "profound ignorance" of the English with regard to Tibet and China, despite the fact that the journalist author was "entirely at home in Asia." It is also an early and clear apology for the politics of empire. This is not your ordinary travel journal. Edmund Candler, " The Unveiling of Lhasa" (Berkeley CA: Snow Lion Graphics, 1987).

Originally published by Edward Arnold, London in 1905, re-issued 1931.

From: Kevin C. Young (February 21, 2012) [email protected] The earliest written records of travel, or evidence of it, that I have found are contained in "Enki and Ninhursaja" ETCSL Translation t.1.1.1. (Oxford, UK: The ETCSL Project, Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford, 2006). The Uruk tablets, dated to ca. 3100-2900 BCE provide solid evidence of cultural interaction from the Mediterranean, across southern Anatolia to the Caspian Sea region, south throughout the Tigris-Euphrates basin, various sites along the northern and southern coasts of the Persian Gulf, and as far as Aratta, possibly Harappa in the Indus region. The royal city Dilmun was at the heart of riverine and sea-based trade that received tribute and traded in commodities, the descriptions of which provide clues as to their far-flung origins. Travel records dating to the third and fourth millennia BCE, while not classed as travel journals, are easily deduced from these and other important sources, including Egyptian records and the Hebrew Bible. In "Enmerkar and the lord of Aratta" verses 69-104 (ETCSL Translation t.1.8.2.3), we see parallels to the early Columbian "exploration" attested to by de las Casas and what motivated them: economic gain. This is not intended to denigrate the bravery of Mediterranean or Iberian explorers, rather to suggest that the motivation of traders, merchants, and the wealthy who funded such missions were also seeking economic gain. This concept was not European in origin, but abounds in Middle Eastern and Asian records. Compare Enmerkar to Ferdinand and Isabela: Enmerkar's broad goal was to unite five kingdoms and their various principalities "so the speech of mankind is truly one." An urban king demanded tribute in the form of luxury goods and human labor; the alternative to voluntary subordination was warfare, threatened destruction, and enslavement. Enmerkar sought to expand his power and influence, and justified his conquest by his claim of divinely decreed superior ideology and culture. If this was not political exploitation for economic gain, and the imposition of cultural homogeneity for assimilation of other groups, then what? I can see no difference between what Enmerkar or Charles V were doing apart from cultural contexts. From: Daniel

Hershenzon European University Institute, Italy [email protected] We can add to the list Al-Hajari's account (1637) in which he describes his embassy on behalf of the Moroccan sultan to France and the Netherlands: Ibn Qasim Al-Hajari, Ahmad, The Supporter of Religion against the Infidel, P S. Van Koningsveld, Q. al-Samarrai, and G. A. Wiegers, Translation and edition, Madrid, CSIC, 1997. And the collection of texts assembled by Nabil Matar: Europe through Arab Eyes , 1578-1727 (Columbia UP, 20 2/17/12

From: Pete Burkholder Fairleigh Dickinson Univ [email protected] One source I haven't seen mentioned yet is that of Benjamin of Tudela, a Spanish Jew who traveled throughout the Mediterranean in the central Middle Ages.

The 1907 translation (by Marcus Adler) of his itinerary is readily available via Google Book

From: Lincoln Paine Maritime Historian [email protected] Some mostly non-western primary sources. Abu Zayd Hasan ibn Yazid al-Sirafi. *Concerning the Voyage to the Indies and China*. In* Ancient Accounts of India and China by Two Mohammedan Travellers, Who Went to those Parts in the 9th Century*. Trans. Eusebius Renaudot. 1733. Reprint, New Delhi: Asian Education Services, 1995. Agatharchides of Cnidus. *On the Erythraean Sea.* Trans. by Stanley M. Burstein. London: Hakluyt Society, 1989. Avienus, Rufus Festus. *Ora Maritima: or, Description of the Seacoast from Brittany Round to Massilia. *Trans. by J.P. Murphy. Chicago: Ares, 1977.** Bately, Janet. "Text and Translation." In *Ohthere's Voyages: A Late 9th-century Account of Voyages along the Coasts of Norway and Denmark and Its Cultural Context*, edited by Janet Bately and Anton Englert, 40-50. Roskilde: Viking Ship Museum, 2007. Bately, Janet. "Wulfstan's Voyage and His Description of *Estland*: The Text and the Language of the Text." In *Wulfstan's Voyage: The Baltic Sea Region in the Early Viking Age as Seen from Shipboard*, ed. by Englert Anton and Athena Trakadas, 14-28. Roskilde: Viking Ship Museum, 2009. Benjamin of Tudela. *The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: Travels in the Middle Ages.* Intro. Michael A. Signer, M.N. Adler and A. Asher. Malibu: J. Simon, 1983. Buzurg ibn Shahriyar of Ramhormuz. *The Book of the Wonders of India: Mainland, Sea and Islands*. Trans. G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville. London: East-West, 1981. Casson, Lionel, trans. *The Periplus Maris Erythraei* [The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1989. Chang, Chun-shu, and Joan Smythe. *South China in the Twelfth Century: A Translation of Lu Yu's Travel Diaries, July 3-December 6, 1170.* Hong Kong: Chinese Univ. Press, 1981. Chau Ju-kua [Zhao Rugua], edited by Friedrich Hirth and W.W. Rockhill. *Chau Ju-kua: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries entitled Chu-fan-chi*. Reprint Amsterdam: Oriental Press, 1966. Cosmas Indicopleustes. *The Christian Topography of Cosmas, An Egyptian Monk *. Trans. J.W. McCrindle. London: Hakluyt Society, 1897. Cowell, Edward B., trans. *The Jataka; Or, Stories of the Buddha's Former Births*. 1895-1907. Reprint, London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973. In particular the "Suparaga-Jataka," "Samkha-Jataka" and "Mahajana-Jataka." Cunliffe, Barry W. *The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek. *New York: Walker, 2002. Ennin. *Ennin's Diary: The Record of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Law*. New York: Ronald Press, 1955. Ibn Battuta. *The Travels of Ibn Battuta, a.d. 1325-1354*. 5 vols. Trans. H.A.R. Gibb. London: Hakluyt Society, 1958-2000. Ibn Jubayr. *The Travels of Ibn Jubayr.* Trans. R.J.C. Broadhurst. London: Jonathan Cape, 1952. Ma Huan. *Ying-yai Sheng-lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores [1433]*. Trans. J.V.G. Mills. 1970. Reprint, Bangkok: White Lotus, 1997. al-Muqaddasi. *The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions (Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Ma'rifat al-Aqalim)*. Reading, Eng.: Garnet, 2001. Nederhof, Mark-Jan, trans. *Punt Expedition of Queen Hatshepsut*. http://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~mjn/egyptian/texts/corpus/pdf/HatshepsutPunt.pdf Odoric of Pordenone. *The Travels of Friar Odoric*. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2002. Polo, Marco. *The Travels*. Trans. Ronald Latham. New York: Penguin, 1958. Simpson, William Kelly, ed. *The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions and Poetry. *Trans. R.O. Faulkner et al. New ed. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 2003. "The Shipwrecked Sailor." "The Report of Wenamun." Sulayman al-Tajir. *Account of India and China. *In *Arabic Classical Accounts of India and China*, trans. S. Maqbul Ahmad*. *Shimla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study in association with Rddhi-India, Calcutta, 1989. Xuanzang. *Si-yu-ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World. *Trans. Samuel Beal. 1884. Reprint, Delhi: Oriental Books, 1969. Faxian, *The Travels of Fa-hian.* Yijing [I-Tsing]. *A Record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago (A.D. 671-695)*. Trans. Junjiro Takakusu. 1896. Reprint, Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1966

From: Sam Gellens [email protected] Regarding Mr. Maunu's query and Mr. Fisher's response, the Muqqadimah, which was the introduction to a much larger general history, Kitab al-'Ibar, was authored by Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406), the famous Tunisian philosopher who some have compared to Machiavelli. There is yet debate regarding the truth of some portions of Ibn Battuta's account, e.g. whether or not he really visited China. Two relevant secondary works, among many: Mary B. Campbell, The Witness and the Other World: Exotic European Travel Writing, 400-1600 (1988) . Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori, Editors. Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration, and the

Religious Imagination (1990).

From: Mary Jane Maxwell Green Mountain College [email protected] For primary sources, a good internet site is http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/IHSP-travelers.html#Ancient For Silk Road primary accounts, see Dan Waugh's website http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/texts.html For some good recent anthologies, see Michael H. Fisher (ed), Visions of Mughal India: An Anthology of European Travel Writing (2007) Peter C. Mancall (ed), Travel Narratives from the Age of Discovery. OUP, 2006 If you'd like a good reader for the world history classroom, see Schlesinger, Blackwell, Meyer, Watrous-Schlesinger (eds), Global Passages: Sources in World History Houghton Mifflin You can see ALL the Hakluyt titles at the Cambridge University Press website at http://www.hakluyt.com/bibliography/bibliography-second-series-I.htm

From: Alan Fisher Michigan State University [email protected] From the Islamic world, two excellent sources: Robert Dankoff and Sooyong Kim (eds), *An Ottoman Traveller: Selections from the Book of Travels of Evliya Celebi*, 2010. Evliya Celebi traveled into every province and district of the Ottoman Empire in the mid-17th century, and wrote a 10-volume travelogue. It was later published in the mid-19th century in Istanbul. These are selections. Ross E. Dunn (ed), *The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century* - a retelling of some of his accounts, published 2004. The full English translation of Ibn Battuta: H. A. R. Gibb, ed and translator: *The Travels of Ibn Battuta: A.D. 1325-1354*, Cambridge Univ Press for the Hakluyt Society in 5 volumes, 1958-2000. Alan Fisher 2/16/12

From: Rajesh Kochhar Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali [email protected] There is very interesting diary written by Mirza Itesmaddin who went to Britain in the late 1760s a representative of the titular Mughal King . Alexander, James Edward (tr.) (1827) Shigruf Namah-I-Velayat. of Itesmaddin (London: Parbury, Allen & Co.).

From: Kaveh Hemmat University of Chicago [email protected] Here's a quick list of travel accounts that involve Asia, all translated into English--some of which I'm sure are familiar: - Ibn Battutah's travelogue, trans. by H.A.R. Gibb - Afanasii Nikitin (or I've seen it spelled Nikitich), available in a digitized book called "India in the fifteenth century: being a collection of narratives..." by the Royal Hakluyt Society, 1857 - Ghiyath al-Din Naqqash, court painter, wrote an account of an embassy from the court of Shahrukh to the Yongle Emperor (this is translated into English) - Babur's Memoir, the Baburnameh, also translated by W.M. Thackston - Muḥammad Rabīʻ ibn Muḥammad Ibrāhīm, The ship of Sulaimān, trans. John O'Kane. - an account of a Persian ambassador to the court of Siam (Thailand), which has a nice combination of ethnographic and political information - The Travels of Ibn Jubayr, which includes some observations of the Crusades (there are a couple of English editions) - Naser-e Khosraw's Book of Travels trans. by W.M. Thackston (he traveled around the Middle East in the 11th c.) I would be remiss if I didn't mention my own article on the most substantial late Medieval description of China, the Khataynameh. The article is "Children of Cain in the Land of Error" in Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East 30:3, 2010. Unfortunately, this book hasn't been translated into English yet, but I'm told that an English translation will be published in the next couple years. best, Kaveh

Another H-World post on Non-Western authors commenting on Westerners:

From: Adam McKeown List Editor: whitney howarth < [email protected] > Editor's Subject: Non-western authors commenting on westerners Author's Subject: Non-western authors commenting on westerners Date Written: May 17, 2001 Date Posted: Fri, 17 May 2001 18:32:07 -0400

Northeastern University, [email protected]

As far as I know, there are not many accounts in English by Chinese who traveled abroad before the 20th century: Yung Wing. < My Life in China and America > New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1909. Yung accompanied the first Chinese educational mission toConnecticut. Originally written in English. Wu Tingfang. < America, Through the Spectacles of an Oriental Diplomat > New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1914. Wu was born in Singapore, but was the Chinese ambassador to US, Spain/Cuba and Peru for several years in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Originally written in English. Leo Lee and David Arkush, eds. < Land Without Ghosts >, is an anthology of translated Chinese writings about experiences in the US in the 19th and 20th centuries. Ong Tae-hae, < The Chinaman Abroad >, trans. W. Medhurst, is an account by a Chinese living in the Dutch Indies in the 18c.

Syllabus: http://orias.berkeley.edu/2013/WHSG2013.htm "Travel Narratives as Historical Sources," World History Study Group 2012-2013, Drew School in San Francisco. Sponsored by ORIAS, the Center for Middle East Studies, the Center for SE Asian Studies, the Institute of East Asian Studies, International and Area Studies Teaching Program, U.C. Berkeley. Co-sponsored by World Savvy. http://www.postcolonialweb.org/courses/srilata1.html Dr. Srilata Ravi, Department of English Language and English Literature, National University of Singapore, syllabus for "Travel Literature Through The Ages," semester 1, 2001-2002 seen on Postcolonial website originally developed by Dr. George Landow (to 2009) and now moderated by Dr. Leon Yew, National University of Singapore. http://www.humanitiesuniversity.org/persianautobiography.pdf Rebecca Gould (assistant professor Yale and Singapore University) syllbus for "Persian Autobiography," Humanities University. Premodern to contemporary Iran autobiographical writing from first days of Islam, travel literature, and perceptions of "otherness." http://www.csun.edu/~jaa7021/hist641/Hist%20641%20Syllabus.pdf Jeffrey Auerback, "Research Seminar in Modern European History: Europe from the Periphery," California State University, Northridge, Fall 2010. http://www.csun.edu/~jaa7021/Hist%20497%20Empire%20Writes%20Back%20Syllabus%202011.pdf Jeffrey Auerback, "Proseminar: The Empire Writes Back," California State University, Northridge, Fall 2011. Indians traveling to British Isles in late 19th century and "their" perceptions of England as an "outsider." http://www.lehigh.edu/~amsp/2005/11/travel-writers-india-england-and-us.html "Travel Writers: India, England and US," Amardeep Singh blogsite, November 22, 2005. Dr. Singh (Lehigh University) was developing a class, "Travel Writers: India, England and US," and notes some of the travel narratives he would like to use and asks for narratives from Southeast Asia travelers to the West. Note sources suggested via replies and lower right of page links to more sources such as Punjabi settlers in California. http://www19.homepage.villanova.edu/karyn.hollis/prof_academic/Courses/2041-Travel/syllabi/2041_syll_05.htm Dr. Karyn Hollis, "Vivid Voyages: Travel Writing Theory and Practice," Spring 2005. Syllabus for English 2041 Villanova University. http://cla.calpoly.edu/~jbattenb/TravelLit/syllabus.htm Dr. J. Battenburg (Cal Poly), The American Travel Narrative, English 449, summer 2007 syllabus. See Books tab on left of page which features Bill Bryson resources. http://www.skidmore.edu/~jdym/LS2-210/resource.htm Jordana Dyn, "Travel Writers and Travel Liars in Latin America," Skidmore College syllabus, 2002. http://www.skidmore.edu/~jdym/LS2-210/ Jordana Dyn Introduction Skidmore College 2002 course: "Travel Writers and Travel Liars in Latin America: 1500-1900." http://www.skidmore.edu/~jdym/LS2-210/Schedule-Printable.htm Jordana Dyn Course schedule, Travel Writers and Travel Liars in Latin America: 1500-1900." http://www.skidmore.edu/~jdym/Links-Contemporary.htm Jordana Dyn, Student Resources Latin American History, Skidmore college. http://www.skidmore.edu/~jdym/LS2-210/bibliography.htm Bibliography, Jordana Dyn, "Travel Writers and Travel Liars in Latin America: 1500-1900." http://www.academicroom.com/syllabus/literature-and-travel-ger-392 Kit Belgum, "Ger 392: Literature and Travel," syllabus. University of Texas, Spring 2010. http://www.scribd.com/doc/91849505/Writing-About-Your-Stdy-Abroad-GRS-095-Z1-Course-Syllabus Alisha Laramee (University of Vermont), "Writing About Your Study Abroad a.k.a. Beyond Sightseeing and Journaling: Techniques and Thoughts on Writing about Travel," UVM, 2012. Dr. Laramee includes global resources for her students to read and discuss. http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/literature/21l-007-world-literatures-travel-writing-fall-2008/index.htm Professor Mary Fuller, "World Literatures-Travel Writing," MITOPENCOURSEWARE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Fall 2008 course syllabus, quizzes, assignments. http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/bassr/heath/syllabuild/iguide/vassa.html Angelo Costanzo-contributing editor, "Olaudah Equiano," Georgetown University. This course uses Equiano's autobiography (travel narrative) as an introduction to American slave narrative literature and its effect on Black writers from Richard Wright to Toni Morrison. http://web.mnstate.edu/seateaching/Travel_Writing_Early_America_Murray_syllabus.pdf Professor Keat Murray, "American Literature Through a Traveler's Eyes," Eng 057A, Swarthmore College, Spring 2012. See first two weeks readings--first contact narratives. http://www.english.heacademy.ac.uk/explore/publications/newsletters/newsissue1/jarvis.htm Dr. Robin Jarvis, "Teaching Travel Literature," University of the West of England, May 2001. This is not a syllabus but "advice" from Dr. Jarvis's experiences of teaching Travel Writing modules and courses. He does share some of his preferred readings for his past courses which are euro-centric. http://www.english.hku.hk/courses/engl2045/week9.htm "Travel Writing-week 9," Department of English, The University of Hong Kong. Descriptions of V.S. Naipaul, " An Area of Darkness" (1964), Caryl Phillips, " The European Tribe," (1987), and Amitav Ghosh, " In An Antique Land " (1992) with study questions at the end. Caryl Phillips born in St. Kitts and raised in England is an Afro- Caribbean travel writer.

Lessons: http://www.waset.org/journals/waset/v42/v42-81.pdf Rocio Abascal-Mena and Erick Lopez-Ornelas, "Exploring the Narrative Communication: Representing Visual Information from Digital Travel Stories," World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 42, 2010. Technology experts explain how to use images, maps, geography to understand travel narratives. http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/odyssey/study.html "The Odyssey," Sparknotes Lesson plans for Homer's classic travel narrative. http://www.teachervision.fen.com/curriculum-planning/teaching-methods/3741.html Homer's Odyssey Lesson plan, Teacher Vision. http://www.coreknowledge.org/mimik/mimik_uploads/lesson_plans/151/THE%20ILIAD.pdf Carole Richardson, " The Illiad ," Core Know website, 2001. A 6th grade 15-20 Days Module covering seven lessons on Homer's Illiad . 27 pp. pdf. http://www.ndollak.com/GreekLesson2.html Nicholas Dollak, "Create Your Own 'Greek style' Myth," December 2, 2000. For Ancient Greek college course aimed at 6th-8th graders. http://mrwhatis.com/what-reading-level-is-the-odyssey.html Homer's Odyssey Lesson plans geared to middle school to college, Mrwhatis.com. http://ed101.bu.edu/StudentDoc/Archives/ED101sp07/barborek/firstemperor.htm Jennifer Barborek, "Ancient China-First Emperor," Boston University, spring 2007. Ms. Barborek, a sophmore at Boston University in 2007 created this interactive website for a sixth grade class she was observing. Note tab "First Emperor" -- 221 BCE the first emperor of the Qin dynasty who went on five different expeditions erecting a stone tablet on peaks of mountains. A comparative to Ashoka's stone pillars? See more on Prince Zheng in first section "Ancient times to 600 CE" of this article. Lesson Plan + DBQs Religions along the Silk Roads >> Xuanzang's Pilgrimage to India [PDF] [China Institute] Unit Q from the curriculum guide From Silk to Oil: Cross-cultural Connections along the Silk Roads , which provides a comprehensive view of the Silk Roads from the second century BCE to the contemporary period. In this lesson "students will travel with the pilgrim-monk Xuanzang (c. 596-664) and share some of the hardships of his journey. They will learn about religious pilgrimage from a Buddhist point of view." http://www.educationworld.com/a_tech/techlp/techlp049.shtml Lorrie Jackson, "A Travel Journal For Homer's Odyssey," Education World. A Lesson Plan using Homer's Odyssey as a primary source from which students create their own travel journal. http://people.hofstra.edu/alan_j_singer/242%20Course%20Pack/2.%20Ninth/124c.%20Rabban%20Sauma.pdf "The Travels of Bar Sauma," Activities for students using Bar Sauma (1220-1294) travel narrative primary sources, specifically Sauma's 1287-1288 trip to Europe from Patricia Kellogg, Marco Polo in China @nationalgeographic.com. http://chass.colostate-pueblo.edu/history/seminar/sauma.htm Posted by Alan J. Singer in his Hofstra coursepack. http://www2.maxwell.syr.edu/plegal/tips/t2prod/marinowq5.html Mrs. M. Marino (JFK High School, New York City), "Social Issues in Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales and in T he Metro Tales ." Lesson plan involving building a frame story with travel writer Chaucer as exemplar. Lessons for Coleridge poems as travel narrative, specifically "Kubla Khan" and "Rime of the Ancient Mariner:" http://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/Guides3/Rime.html "Rime of the Ancient Mariner," Cummings Study Guides explains Captain James Cook's voyages ending in 1799 with Cook's death and motivation for"Rime of the Ancient Mariner" first published in 1798. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Coleridge%27s+Kubla+Khan%3a+a+new+historicist+study.-a0302403821 Jalal Uddin Khan, "Coleridge's 'Kubla Khan:' a new historicism study," The Free Library, January 1, 2012. Excellent analysis of historical context in Coleridges's Romantic era poem, "Kubla Khan." http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/analyzing/narratives/analyzingnarrativesintro.html Travel Narratives Lesson using and analyzing sources, George Mason University. http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/unpacking/travelguide.pdf Jerry Bentley, "Unpacking Evidence: Travel Narratives," George Mason University, 2004. A wonderful step by step Travel narrative lesson module by the great Jerry Bentley. http://www.asian-studies.org/EAA/watt.htm "John R. Watt, "Qianlong Meets Macartney-Collision of Two World Views," Education About Asia, Vol. 5, No. 3, winter 2000. Background: http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/lionanddragon/narrative.html "The Lion and the Dragon-Britain's First Embassy to China," Online Gallery, British Library. In 1792 England sent seasoned diplomat Lord George Macartney to China (Macartney Mission). Note travel narratives and sections describing that history, including Sir George Leonard Staunton's "An Authentic Account of an Embassy, 1797." http://voices.yahoo.com/how-lord-mccartneys-mission-china-resembles-the-407278.html?cat=37 Timothy Sexton, "How Lord McCartney's Mission to China Resembles the Lack of Cultural Awareness of the Bush Administration," Yahoo Voices, June 22, 2007. A comparative exercise-George to George? http://www.learner.org/amerpass/unit02/context_activ-2.html "2. Exploring Borderlands: Context Activities-Writing Without Words: A Native American View of Culture and Conquest," Annenberg Learner. Another Collision of Cultures as in "Qianlong Meets Macartney-China." This Annenberg activity compares and contrasts Spanish and Aztec point of view as to "conquest." An Aztec travel account would be the Codex Boturini which narrates the Aztec migration legend. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/fukuzawa_yukichi.pdf Fukuzawa Yukichi primary source documents with questions for students to answer after reading the documents. Asia for Educators, Columbia University website. Yukichi (1835-1901) was a prime ingredient in moving Japan toward the west. See more: http://www.archive.org/stream/lifeofmryukichif00miyaiala/lifeofmryukichif00miyaiala_djvu.txt "Life of Fukuzawa Yukichi," (1835-1901). http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/unpacking/travelanalysis.html An example of "unpacking evidence:" Bernal Diaz, " The True History of the Conquest of New Spain ," 1560's. Jerry Bentley develops this primary source lesson using Diaz's history seen through his travels in the Americas. Also see companion lesson by Edward Osowski (University of Northern Iowa), The Conquest of New Spain: http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/d/251/whm.html http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/lieutenantnun/context.html Catalina de Eranso's Lieutenant Nun: Memoir of a Basque Transvestite in the New World," Boston: Beacon Press, 1996. Lessons from Sparknotes. Ms. de Eranso (1585-1650) was a European nun turned Spanish battle hardened soldier in the Americas even promoted to lieutenant for heroism. http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/analyzing/narratives/narq1.html Tom Ewing, "Travel Narratives-Questions: "What we can learn from travel narratives," George Mason University. See two minute audio podcast and John Ledyard's Travel Journal as a framework for a primary source module on travel narratives. http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/unpacking/travelscholar.html New sources in travel writing scholarship in world history, George Mason University. http://edsitement.neh.gov/subject/art-and-culture Note Edsitement travelers Lessons. Examples: http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/shooting-elephant-george-orwells-essay-his-life-burma "George Orwell's Essay on His Life in Burma: 'Shooting An Elephant,'" Edsitement lesson plan. http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/road-marco-polo-marco-polo-china "Marco Polo on the Road to China," Edsitement lesson plan. Grades 3-5. http://www.sqcc.org/sites/default/files/lesson_plan_pdfs/Indian%20Ocean%20Travelers%20in%20the%20Medieval%20Era.pdf Joan Brodsky Schur, "Indian Ocean Travelers in the Medieval Era: Networks of Exchange Across the Hemisphere," Lesson plan utilizing Susan Douglass's Indian Ocean in World History website http://www.indianoceanhistory.org/ http://www.bu.edu/africa/outreach/resources/indian/ Indian Ocean trade simulation to accompany and supplement Joan Brodsky Schur's lesson and Susan Douglass's Indian Ocean website seen above. http://africa.unc.edu/outreach/lesson_plans/contemporary_north_africa.pdf Rebecca Wenrich Wheeler, "Contemporary North Africa: A Sociological Perspective," Southeast Raleigh Magnet High School, Wake County Schools lesson plan with students as travel writers investigating and reporting on contemporary African history. Seen in University of North Carolina "Learning About Africa" site. http://cnx.org/content/m19517/latest/ Corey Ledoux, "The Experience of the Foreign in 19th Century US Travel Literature," ConneXions website, last edited April 14, 2011. Mr. Ledoux's lesson module uses George Dunham's travel journey to Brazil (1853) in relation to other 19th century US travel accounts. See other Travel History lesson modules from the ConneXions website: http://cnx.org/content/col11315/latest/ http://www.twainquotes.com/sduindex.html Mark Twain, Letters From Hawaii, in Sacramento Union newspaper, 1866. Twainquotes.com. http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-mark-twains-letters-from-hawaii/ Mark Twain, Letters From Hawai'i, (Sandwich Islands) study guide with discussion guide., bookrags.com. http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/lesson_plans/lesson02.htm "Mark Twain and the American West," Lesson Plan 8-12th grades, PBS New Perspectives on THE WEST website and lessons (see more on the left side of this page, especially "Writings of the West") to supplement the PBS documentary The American West. http://www.enotes.com/black-lamb-grey-falcon eNotes lesson plan to assist in teaching Rebecca West, " Black Lamb and Grey Falcon: A Journey Through Yugoslavia ," 1941. West's travelogue and Balkan history is 1150 pages narrating her Balkan journey from 1936-1938. (See more information on this book in 1900 to the Present section above) http://media.us.macmillan.com/teachersguides/9780312306243TG.pdf Francis Bok, " Escape From Slavery," Bedford St.Martins' Study Guide for teachers by Scott Pitcock. (See more information on this book in 1900 to the Present section) http://matadornetwork.com/notebook/use-hemingway-to-improve-your-travel-writing/ N. Chrystine Olson, "Use Hemingway to Improve Your Travel Writing-The Iceberg Model," Matador Network, December 10, 2009. A short lesson, actually annotated tips, on making one's travel writing lean. http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/ontheroad/bibliography.html " On the Road," by Jack Kerouac chapter summaries, etc., Sparknotes. http://www.readwritethink.org/classroom-resources/lesson-plans/beyond-what-vacation-exploring-1086.html Drew Schrader (Bloomington, Indiana), "Beyond 'What I Did on Vacation': Exploring the Genre of Travel Writing," readwritethink.org classroom resource website, @2013. Lesson Plan involving four 50 minute sessions. A Teaching powerpoint on the Travel Narrative: Dr. Brenda Cornell, Central Texas College for English 2333. [ PPT ]

Travel Narratives: Literary Characteristics - Central Texas College Microsoft Powerpoint Travel Narratives : Literary Characteristics A Presentation for English 2333 ... Homer's Odyssey (c. 8th cent. BCE) while other works, ... Note Ryba L. Epstein created DBQ (Documents Based Essay Question) dealing with Travel Narratives and the people they encountered--The OTHER: Ryba L. Epstein 2011. Permission granted for classroom use with acknowledgement. 1 Note to teachers: choose 6-8 of the following documents for a timed essay. All may be used for an out-of-class practice DBQ. (maunu aside: or use all of the docs. YOUR choice) Travel narratives and the "Other" DBQ Instructions to students: This question is designed to test your ability to work with and understand historical documents. Write an essay that: • Has a relevant thesis that does more than simply restate the question. • Supports the thesis with evidence from the documents. • Uses all of the documents. • Analyzes the documents by grouping them in as many appropriate ways as possible and explaining the reason for the groups [group implies at least two documents]. Does not simply summarize the documents individually. • Interprets the meaning of the documents correctly. • Takes into account both the sources of the documents and the authors' points of view. • Notes what additional information or documents would be useful to answer the question and explains why that document would be useful in answering the question. Prompt: Using the documents listed below from the time period of 600 BCE to 1500 CE, analyze the various reactions of travelers and the people whom they encountered to the "other" and speculate on the reasons for these reactions. Be sure to explain what specific additional sources might change your interpretation of the question. Document 1 Hanno, a Carthaginian admiral, on a voyage along the west coast of Africa, around 425 B.C.E., searching for sites for new settlements: "Passing on from there we came to the large river Lixos, flowing from Libya, besides which nomads called Lixitae pastured there flocks. We stayed some time with them and became friends. . . . Inland from there dwelt inhospitable Ethiopians in land ridden with wild beasts and hemmed in by great mountains. . . . [Further along the journey, probably up the Senegal River] . . . we came to the end of the lake, overhung by some very high mountains crowded with savages clad in the skins of wild beasts, who stoned us and beat us off and prevented us from disembarking." Document 2 Priscus, c. 450 C.E., official sent to Attila the Hun by the Eastern Roman Empire: "A lavish meal, served on silver trenchers, was prepared for us and the other barbarians, but Attila just had meat on a wooden platter, for this was one aspect of his self-discipline. For instance, gold or silver cups were presented to the others diners, but his own goblet was made of wood. His clothes, too, were simple, and no trouble was taken except to have them clean." Document 3 Ibn Fadlun, circa 920 C.E., ambassador of the Caliph of Baghdad to the Bulgar Khaganate: "I saw the Rus when they arrived on their trading mission and anchored at the River Atul [Volga]. Never had I seen people of more perfect physique; they are tall as date-palms, and reddish in color. They wear neither coat nor mantle, but each man carries a cape which covers one half of his body, leaving one hand free. Their swords are Frankish in pattern, broad, flat, and fluted. Each man has [tattooed upon him] trees, figures, and the like from the fingernails to the neck. . . . They are the filthiest of God's creatures. They do not wash after discharging their natural functions, neither do they wash their hands after meals. They are as donkeys." Document 4 From Travels of Marco Polo , Venetian merchant and explorer, describing the capital of the Yuan dynasty in China c. 1280-90 C.E.: "The people are idolaters; and since they were conquered by the Great Khan* they use paper money. [Both men and women are fair and comely, and for the most part clothe themselves in silk, so vast is the supply of that material, both from the whole district of Kinsay, and from the imports by traders from other provinces.] And you must know they eat every kind of flesh, even that of dogs and other unclean beasts, which nothing would induce a Christian to eat." *Kublai, grandson of Genghis Khan Document 5 Usama Ibn Munqidh, Syrian Muslim soldier and chronicler, 12th century: "Everyone who is a fresh immigrant from the Frankish lands is ruder in character than those who have been acclimatized and have held long associations with the Muslims. . . . we came to the house of one of the old knights who came with the first expedition. This man had retired from the army and was living on the income of the property he owned in Antioch. He had a fine table brought out, spread with a splendid selection of appetizing food. He saw that I was not eating, and said: 'Don't worry, please; eat what you like, for I don't eat Frankish food. I have Egyptian cooks and only eat what they serve. No pig's flesh ever comes into my house.' So I ate, although cautiously, and then we left." Document 6 Ibn Battuta, from Travels in Asia and Africa, 14th century: ". . . I met the qadi of Mali, Abd al-Rahman, who came to see me: he is a black, has been on the pilgrimage [to Mecca], and is a noble person with good qualities and character. He sent me a cow as his hospitality gift. I met the interpreter Dugha, a noble black and a leader of theirs. He sent me a bull. . . . They performed their duty towards me [as a guest] most perfectly; may God bless and reward them for their good deeds!" Document 7 Bertrandon de La Brocquière, from his book The Journey to Outre-Mer, French pilgrim to the Middle East, around 1433 CE: "They [the Turks] are a tolerably handsome race, with long beards, but of moderate size and strength. I know well that it is a common expression to say 'as strong as a Turk', nevertheless I have seen an infinity of Christians excel them when strength was necessary, . . . They are diligent, willingly rise early, and live on little, being satisfied with bread badly baked, raw meat dried in the sun, milk curdled or not, honey, cheese, grapes, fruit, herbs, and even a handful of flour with which they make a soup sufficient to feed six or eight for a day. . . . Their horses are good, cost little in food, gallop well and for a long time. They keep them on short allowances, never feeding them but at night and then giving them only five or six handfuls of barley with double the quantity of chopped straw, the whole put into a bag which hangs from the horse's ears. . . . I must own that in my various experiences I have always found the Turks frank and loyal, and when it was necessary to show courage, they have never failed . . . " Document 8 Sultan Bayezid II, ruler of the Ottoman empire (1481-1512): "You know very well the unwashed [Christians] and their ways and manners, which certainly are not fine. They are indolent, sleepy, easily shocked, inactive; they like to drink much and to eat much; . . . They keep horses only to ride while hunting with their dogs; if one of them wishes to have a good war-horse, he sends to buy it from us. . . .They let women follow them in the campaigns, and at their dinners give them the upper places; and they always want to have warm dishes. In short, there is no good in them." Document 9 Christopher Columbus, from his log dated October 12, 1492: "I want the natives to develop a friendly attitude toward us because I know that they are a people who can be made free and converted to our Holy Faith more by love than by force. I therefore gave red caps to some and glass beads to others. . . . And they took great pleasure in this and became so friendly that it was a marvel. They traded and gave everything they had in good will, but it seems to me that they have very little and are poor in everything. I warned my men to take nothing from the people without giving something in exchange." Document 10 From Book 12 of " The Florentine Codex ," a history of the Spanish conquest of Mexico written by Friar Bernardino de Sahagún in collaboration with Aztec men who were former students, late 16th century: "They gave [the Spaniards] emblems of gold, banners of quetzal plumes, and golden necklaces. And when they gave them these, the Spaniards' faces grinned; they were delighted, they were overjoyed. They snatched up the gold like monkeys. . . . They were swollen with greed; . . . they hungered for that gold like wild pigs. . . . They babbled in a barbarous language; everything they said was in a savage tongue. . . ."

John Maunu is an AP College Board World History consultant, co-Moderator of the AP College Board World History Teacher community (new list serve), Digital Resources Editor for "World History Connected," AP History mentor for Grosse Ile and Cranbrook/Kingswood schools, Michigan, veteran AP World History workshop leader and Reader/Table Leader. He can be reached at [email protected] or [email protected]

1 For the oldest source Maxwell referenced, see http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/texts/harkhuf.htm .

2 See: http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/9.3/maunu.html Digital Resources: The Other in World History, World History Connected, Vol. 9, No. 3, October 2012.

3 See http://voices.yahoo.com/comparison-two-romantic-poems-ode-grecian-1384425.html?cat=38 .

4 See travel writing that slogs from ancient monument to ancient monument, for example: http://www.archive.org/stream/ruinsexcavations00lanc/ruinsexcavations00lanc_djvu.txt versus change over time among people, food and drink as encouraged by Eugene Fodor (page 2 of this article): http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700120680/Eugene-Fodor-feted-as-the-spy-who-loved-travel.html?s_cid=rss-5 .

The New York Times

Artsbeat | peter whitfield talks about the history of travel literature, peter whitfield talks about the history of travel literature.

Peter Whitfield’s “Travel: A Literary History” covers a broad genre of writing that includes work by missionaries, empire builders, thrill seekers and satirists. The book ranges from the travel stories of the Bible and the ancient Greeks to 20th-century wanderers like Patrick Leigh Fermor and Bruce Chatwin. In a recent email exchange, Mr. Whitfield discussed his expansive definition travel writing, Christianity’s influence on the genre and the best travel books of the 20th century. Below are excerpts of the conversation.

You wonder – and had me wondering, too – if many of the texts you cite are “really” travel literature, and you say that some are “not travel narratives in the ordinary sense of the word.” How would you describe the writing that you focus on in the book?

It struck me that travel literature existed for centuries, but not in its own right. It was not a recognized genre, but was always involved with other things — war and conquest, religion, history writing, commerce, science, poetry and so on. I wanted to do justice to this richness, and also, when starting the book I could not identify some arbitrary point when travel literature “in the normal sense” was born. This is why I wanted to talk about Herodotus, Alexander the Great, the Aeneid, the legends of St. Brendan, Dante, Mandeville, St. Francis Xavier, etc., as well as fiction from Thomas Nashe to Bunyan, Defoe, Melville, Conrad and so on.

How did the advent of Christianity change the perspective of travel writers?

Despite its presence in ancient and classical literature, travel had rarely if ever been central, certainly not personal travel. It seems to me that the pilgrimage narratives (which began in the fourth century after the discovery in Jerusalem of the true cross by St. Helena) marked the emergence of the first-person, truth-telling narrator’s voice. It was essential that the holy sites had to be seen and experienced, and the journey to them described — they had to be guaranteed by an eyewitness account.

In the 16th century, there was a great deal of exploration, but you say that those who embarked on it couldn’t “interpret” what they saw. What do you mean by that?

The great figures of the age of discovery were adventurers, men of action, not scholars or writers, and they simply could not articulate the nature or importance of the new worlds. Columbus, for example, never produced a map of where he had been. They were so taken up with claiming territory, finding gold, pleasing their patrons and returning home safely that they had no time for any intellectual response. More’s “Utopia” was the first such response, and a radical one, because it imagined the discovery of a higher civilization than the European somewhere in the Indian Ocean. Neither Shakespeare nor any other Elizabethan writers seemed interested in setting a drama in the new world. It’s extremely strange how long the question of the existence and nature of parallel civilizations took to emerge in the European mind — perhaps not really until the 18th century.

Joseph Hall’s “Another World, Yet the Same,” from 1605, was “an elaborate parody of the discovery narrative,” a very early example of a “thoroughgoing and scornful attack on the travel vogue.” Mark Twain also satirized the genre in “The Innocents Abroad.” How would you sum up the stance of those who have poked fun at the genre?

It is rather amazing to find a satire on travel and travel literature being written as early as 1605! I think Hall’s book is a purely theoretical attack on travel and a literary joke. He doesn’t seem to have traveled himself. But his book is very ingenious, complete with maps, samples of foreign languages, foreign coins and so on. Twain’s “Innocents Abroad” is very different, a satire on the experience of tourist travel by one who had been through it himself. Twain adopts the persona of the rough, honest, no-nonsense Yankee, determined to be unimpressed by almost everything he sees, all the flummery of European so-called culture. But he was probably the first to enunciate the terrible truth about tourism: that what you go to see is spoiled because ten thousand other people are also trying to see it on the same day as you. He wrote this in 1869, and we quake as we wonder what he would say about tourism in 2012.

You call “Around the World in Eighty Days” by Jules Verne “surely the most perfect travel fiction ever written.” Why? And what are some of the distant runners-up in your opinion?

It’s the most perfect travel fiction because . . . well actually, this was tongue-in-cheek! It’s just a delightful foreign view of the archetypal Englishman. Phileas Fogg travels around the world, and apparently learns nothing. He subdues everything to his will, conquers every obstacle merely because it is his whim, and it’s his right as an Englishman to do this. But in the end he falls in love: his mask cracks and his life changes! It’s a brilliant book with, after all, quite a deep message.

Mass tourism has changed the nature of travel — and not for the better, in your opinion. But you also “don’t agree with the common view that so-called real travel writing has necessarily died with so-called real travel.” What do current practitioners do to make travel writing fresh when travel itself (even exotic travel) is increasingly common?

It’s often said that since we can all travel anywhere, what’s the point of travel writing? But I think that in a world where so much is phony, we need to find the genuine, and this is what the travel writer is for now: to show us what’s under the surface; to warn us what tourism does to us and to the places we visit; make us think before we join the crowds at Venice, Machu Pichu or the Taj Mahal; or to tell us what is going on in Tibet or Zimbabwe. On the other hand, I do believe there should be simply less travel writing published, since it is undoubtedly an aspect of consumerism, and it’s all out of hand.

What travel books from the 20th century would you most highly recommend to general readers?

“Seven Pillars of Wisdom.” Again, not really a travel book, but it’s the story of a man losing one identity and finding another through his experiences in foreign lands, so what else can you call it? His years of desert life and warfare, he said, “Made me look at the West and its conventions with new eyes: they destroyed it all for me.” It’s also written in an amazing, highly wrought poetic language, which can be off-putting at times, and at times absolutely irresistible. Lawrence was definitely a man with something to reveal and something to hide — he was an intellectual who had wallowed in bloodshed. I read “On the Road” for first time when researching this book, and I was bowled over: Kerouac really found a way of putting the wellsprings of his own life down on the page. I think Kerouac has links with Whitman and Thoreau and Robert Lowell: he opens up the soul of America. In a lighter vein, I think Paul Theroux is a genius. He was just what travel writing needed, to democratize it and tell the truth about modern travel.

What's Next

The Top Ten Most Influential Travel Books

Even before there were armchairs, voracious bookworms traveled the world just by reading

Tony Perrottet

Contributing writer

William H.H. Murray's guidebook to the Adirondacks “kindled a thousand camp fires and taught a thousand pens how to write of nature,” inspiring droves of American city-dwellers to venture into the wild and starting a back-to-nature movement that endures to this day. Of course, Murray's slender volume was part of a great literary tradition. For more than two millennia, travel books have had enormous influence on the way we have approached the world, transforming once-obscure areas into wildly popular destinations.

A detailed selection would fill a library. So what follows is a brazenly opinionated short-list of travel classics—some notorious, some barely remembered—that have inspired armchair travelers to venture out of their comfort zone and hit the road.

1. Herodotus, Histories (c.440 BC)

Homer's Odyssey is often referred to as the first travel narrative, creating the archetypal story of a lone wanderer, Odysseus, on a voyage filled with mythic perils, from terrifying monsters like the Cyclops to seductive nymphs and ravishing sorceresses. As may be. But the first real “travel writer,” as we would understand the term today, was the ancient Greek author Herodotus, who journeyed all over the eastern Mediterranean to research his monumental Histories. His vivid account of ancient Egypt, in particular, created an enduring image of that exotic land, as he “does the sights” from the pyramids to Luxor, even dealing with such classic travel tribulations as pushy guides and greedy souvenir vendors. His work inspired legions of other ancient travelers to explore this magical, haunted land, creating a fascination that reemerged during the Victorian age and remains with us today. In fact, Herodotus qualifies not just as the Father of History, but the Father of Cultural Travel itself, revealing to the ancient Greeks—who rarely deemed a foreign society worthy of interest—the rewards of exploring a distant, alien world.

2. Marco Polo, The Travels of Marco Polo (c.1300)

When the 13th-century Venetian merchant Marco Polo returned home after two decades wandering China, Persia and Indonesia, the stories he and his two brothers told were dismissed as outright fiction—until (legend goes) the trio sliced open the hems of their garments, and hundreds of gems poured to the ground in a glittering cascade. Still, Polo's adventure might have remained all but unknown to posterity if an accident had not allowed him to overcome his writer's block: Imprisoned by the Genoans in 1298 after a naval battle, he used his enforced leisure time to dictate his memoirs to his cellmate, the romance writer Rustichello da Pisa. The resulting volume, filled with marvelous observations about Chinese cities and customs and encounters with the potentate Kublai Khan (and including, admittedly, some outrageous exaggerations), has been a bestseller ever since, and indelibly defined the Western view of the Orient. There is evidence that Polo intended his book to be a practical guide for future merchants to follow his path. The vision of fabulous Chinese wealth certainly inspired one eager and adventurous reader, fellow Italian Christopher Columbus, to seek a new ocean route to the Orient. (Of course, Islamic scholars will point out that the 14 th -century explorer Ibn Battuta traveled three times as far as Polo around Africa, Asia and China, but his monumental work Rihla , “The Journey,” remained little known in the West until the mid-19th century).

3. Laurence Sterne, A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy (1768)

When the author of Tristram Shandy penned this extraordinary autobiographical novel, the Grand Tour of Europe as a rite of passage was in full swing. Wealthy young British aristocrats (almost invariably male), took educational expeditions to the great cultural sites of Paris, Venice, Rome and Naples, seeking out the classical sites and Renaissance artworks in the company of an erudite “bear leader,” or tour guide. Sterne's rollicking book suddenly turned the sober Grand Tour principle on its head. The narrator deliberately avoids all the great monuments and cathedrals, and instead embarks on a personal voyage, to meet unusual people, seeking out new and spontaneous experiences: (“'tis a quiet journey of the heart in pursuit of NATURE, and those affections which arise out of her, which make us love each other—and the world, better than we do.”) His meandering journey across France and Italy is filled with amusing encounters, often of an amorous nature (involving assorted chamber maids and having to share rooms in inns with member of the opposite sex), which prefigures the Romantic era's vision of travel as a journey of self-discovery. Even today, most “true travelers” pride themselves on finding vivid and unique experiences, rather than generic tourist snapshots or lazy escapes.

4. Mark Twain, The Innocents Abroad (1869)

Writers of the Gilded Age (a term Mark Twain incidentally coined) produced thousands of earnest and tedious travel books, a tendency that Twain deftly deflated with Innocents Abroad. Sent as a journalist on a group cruise tour to see the great sights of Europe and the Holy Land, Twain filed a series of hilarious columns to the Alta California newspaper that he later reworked into this classic work. With its timely, self-deprecating humor, it touched a deep chord, lampooning the naïveté of his fellow Americans (“The gentle reader will never, never know what a consummate ass he can become until he goes abroad”) and the modest indignities of exploring the sophisticated Old World (“In Paris they just simply opened their eyes and stared when we spoke to them in French! We never did succeed in making those idiots understand their own language.”) The result was to embolden many more of his fellow countrymen to fearlessly cross the pond and immerse themselves in Europe, and, hardly less importantly, to begin a new style of comic travel writing that echoes today through hugely popular modern authors such as Bill Bryson. Today, Innocents Abroad is one of the few 19th-century travel books that is still read eagerly for pleasure. (Its perfect companion is, of course, Roughing It , Twain's account of his misspent youth as a miner in the wild American West).

5. Norman Douglas, Siren Land (1911)

The Italian island of Capri began its proud reputation for licentiousness in ancient Roman times, and by the mid-19 century was luring free-living artists, writers and bon vivants from chilly northern climes. (It was even said that Europe had two art capitals, Paris and Capri). But its modern reputation was sealed by the libertine writer Norman Douglas, whose volume Siren Land offered an account of the carefree southern Italian life “where paganism and nudity and laughter flourished,” an image confirmed by his 1917 novel South Wind , where the island is called Nepenthe, after the ancient Greek elixir of forgetfulness . (Siren Land gets its title from Homer’s Odyssey; Capri was the home of the Sirens, ravishing women who lured sailors to their deaths by shipwreck with their magical voices). Millions of sun-starved British readers were captivated by the vision of Mediterranean sensuality and Douglas' playful humor. (“It is rather puzzling when one comes to think of it,” he writes, “to conceive how the old Sirens passed their time on days of wintry storm. Modern ones would call for cigarettes, Grand Marnier, and a pack of cards, and bid the gale howl itself out.”) Douglas himself was flamboyantly gay, and liked to scamper drunkenly around Capri’s gardens with vine leaves in his hair. Thanks largely to his writings, the island in the 1920s entered a new golden age, luring exiles disillusioned by post-war Europe. The visitors included many great British authors who also penned travel writing classics, such as D.H. Lawrence (whose marvelous Etruscan Places covers his travels in Italy; Lawrence also showed drafts of the torrid Lady Chatterly’s Lover to friends while on holiday in Capri in 1926), E.M Forster, Christopher Isherwood, Aldous Huxley, Graham Greene and W.H. Auden. (The renowned poet wrote a travel volume on Iceland, of all places). The collective vision of Mediterranean freedom has inspired generations of travelers to those warm shores ever since.

6. Freya Stark, The Valley of the Assassins (1934)

The Victorian age produced a surprising number of adventurous women travel writers—Isabella Bird, for instance, wrote about exploring Hawaii, the Rocky Mountains and China—but the authors were regarded as rare and eccentric exceptions rather than role models by female readers. In the more liberated era of the 1930s, Freya Stark's tome revealed just how far women could travel alone and live to write about it. Her breakthrough book, The Valley of the Assassins , was a thrilling account of her journey through the Middle East. Its highlight was her visit to the ruined stronghold of the Seven Lords of Alamut, a medieval cult of hashish-eating political killers in the Elburz Mountains of Iran whose exploits had been legendary in the West since the Crusades. (The singular escapade made her one of the first women ever inducted into the Royal Geographical Society.) The bestseller was followed by some two dozen works whose freshness and candor inspired women to venture, if not by donkey into war zones, at least into exotic climes. “To awaken quite alone in a strange town is one of the pleasantest sensations in the world,” she enthused in Baghdad Sketches . “You have no idea of what is in store for you, but you will, if you are wise and know the art of travel, let yourself go on the stream of the unknown and accept whatever comes in the spirit in which the gods may offer it.”

7. Jack Kerouac, On the Road (1957)

This thinly veiled autobiographical novel, about a group of young friends hitch-hiking and bumming their way across the United States, has inspired generations of restless readers to take a leap into the unknown. Although the publisher made Kerouac change the actual names (Kerouac became Sal Paradise, the wild driver Neal Cassady became Dean Moriarty and poet Allen Ginsberg became Carlo Marx), its episodes were almost entirely drawn from life, qualifying it as a classic of travel writing. It was also a cultural phenomenon: Kerouac legendarily hammered out the whole lyrical work on a giant scroll of paper (possibly on one speed-induced binge), and carried it about in his rucksack for years before it was published, becoming an instant icon of the rebellious “beat” era, thumbing its nose at the leaden conformity of the cold war era. Today, it is still a dangerous book to read at an impressionable age (at least for younger males; women tend to be left out of the boyish pursuits, except as sex objects). The delirious sense of freedom as Kerouac rides across the wheat fields of Nebraska in the back of a farm truck or speeds across the Wyoming Rockies toward Denver is infectious.

8. Tony and Maureen Wheeler, Across Asia on the Cheap (1973)

It was one of history's great self-publishing success stories. When two young travelers roughed it in a minivan from London to Sydney, they decided to write a practical guide about their experiences. Working on a kitchen table, they typed out a list of their favorite budget hotels and cheap restaurants from Tehran to Djakarta, stapled the copied pages together into a 90-page booklet and sold it for $1.80 a pop. Their instincts were correct: There was a huge hunger for information on how to travel on a budget in the Third World, and the modest booklet sold 1,500 copies in a week. The hit became the basis for Lonely Planet, a vast guidebook empire with books on almost every country on earth. The young and financially challenged felt welcomed into the exotic corners of Nepal, Morocco and Thailand, far from the realm of five-star hotels and tour groups, often for a few dollars a day. The guidebooks' power quickly became such that in many countries, a recommendation is still enough to make a hotelier's fortune. (Having sold 100 million copies of their guidebooks, the Wheelers finally sold Lonely Planet for £130 million in 2010 to the BBC. (The BBC recently confirmed plans to sell the franchise to NC2 Media at a loss for just £51.5 million. Nobody ever claimed Across Asia was high literature, but the Wheelers now help fund a literary institution, The Wheeler Center, in their home city of Melbourne, Australia, to promote serious fiction and non-fiction).

9. Bruce Chatwin, In Patagonia (1977)

Along with Paul Theroux's wildly entertaining Great Railway Bazaar , Chatwin's slim, enigmatic volume became widely credited with the modern rebirth of travel writing. A former Sotheby's art auctioneer, the erudite Chatwin famously quit the London Sunday Times Magazine via telegram to his editor (“Have gone to Patagonia”) and disappeared into the then little-known and remote tip of South America. In a stylistic first for the genre, In Patagonia weaves a personal quest (for a piece of prehistoric skin of the mylodon, which the author had seen as a child) with the region's most surreal historical episodes, related in a poetic, crisp and laconic style. Focusing on god-forsaken outposts rather than popular attractions, Chatwin evokes the haunting ambiance with deftly drawn vignettes from Patagonia's storybook past, such as how Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid lived in a cabin in southern Argentina, or how a Welsh nationalist colony was begun in the windswept town of Trelew. And thus the quirky travel pilgrimage was born.

10. Peter Mayle, A Year in Provence (1989)

Mayle's breezy account of his mid-life decision to escape dark and sodden England to renovate a farmhouse in Ménerbes, a village in the south of France, created an entire sub-genre of do-it-yourself travel memoirs filled with charmingly quirky locals. It also inspired thousands to physically emulate his life-changing project, flooding Provence and other sunny idylls with expats in search of a rustic fixer-upper and supplies of cheap wine. Aided by the relaxed residency laws of the European Union, discount airlines and France's super-fast TGV trains, the once-impoverished southern France quickly became gentrified by retirees from Manchester, Hamburg and Stockholm, until it is now, in the words of one critic, a “bourgeois theme park for foreigners.” (Tuscany became equally popular, thanks to Frances Mayes' beguiling books, with the shores of Spain and Portugal following suit). Things got so crowded that Mayle himself moved out – although he has since returned to a different tiny village, Lourmarin, a stone's throw from his original haunt. In recent years, Elizabeth Gilbert's wildly successful Eat Pray Love (2007) offered a similar spirit of personal reinvention, inspiring a new wave of travelers to follow her path to the town of Ubud in Bali in search of spiritual (and romantic) fulfillment

A Smithsonian Magazine Contributing Writer, Tony Perrottet is the author of five travel and history books, including Pagan Holiday: On the Trail of Ancient Roman Tourists and The Sinner's Grand Tour: A Journey Through the Historical Underbelly of Europe; www.tonyperrottet.com

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Tony Perrottet | READ MORE

Tony Perrottet is a contributing writer for Smithsonian magazine, a regular contributor to the New York Times and WSJ Magazine , and the author of six books including ¡Cuba Libre!: Che, Fidel and the Improbable Revolution that Changed World History , The Naked Olympics: The True Story of the Ancient Games and Napoleon's Privates: 2500 Years of History Unzipped . Follow him on Instagram @TonyPerrottet .

A (Short) History Of Travel Writing

Posted on Last updated: February 5, 2023

In this short history of travel writing, we will look at the different types of reporting about travel throughout the ages.

If you’re looking for a book about travel in a bookshop or library, you better take the rest of the day, well perhaps even better the week… month, or even rest of the year off! There are just so many!

The amount of writers reporting about the different landscapes and food they tasted in foreign destinations, books with history lessons about certain places and personal narratives about a person’s excitement and struggles of navigating through unknown territories and meeting foreign people are endless.

TYPES OF TRAVEL WRITING

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A Short History of Travel Writing || The Travel Tester

When we’re talking about travel writing, there are a couple of distinctions to be made. There are:

travelogues (journal/itinerary style, actual reports about someone’s trip)
travel stories (a realistic narration about a journey, meant for a wider audience and usually with a certain literary value to it)
and travel guides (publication with practical information and tips/advice about a certain destination, meant for people that want to visit that place).

With old stories, it’s hard to distinguish between a travel story or a travelogue. This is because we don’t know the accuracy of the information and motif of the story. Most of the time, it is also not known who commissioned the story in the first place.

That said, in all travel writing, the focus lies on accounts of real or imaginary places. It may range from documentary to the evocative, from literary to journalistic and from humorous to serious.

You can find travel writing in books, magazines and of nowadays also online. What different types of travel writing are your favourite to read?

You don’t always need to be physically on the road to enjoy the beauty of destinations from all around the world!

From vintage travel posters to beautifully displayed souvenirs and home decor items inspired by your favourite places and from travel journals and crafts to exploring world recipes, music and dance.

With our creative articles you’ll get some fresh ideas on how to bring the world closer to the comforts of your own home.

In China , travel literature became popular during the Song Dynasty (960-1279). Under the name of ‘ Youji Wenxue ‘ (‘ Travel Record Literature ‘), authors such as Fan Chengda and Xu Xiake incorporated geographical and topographical information into their writing.

Poet and statesman Su Shi wrote ‘ Record Of Stone Bell Mountain ‘ and made a philosophical and moral argument as its central purpose.

In Japan , there are also many personal reports from travellers sharing their experiences and interesting encounters.

Examples include the ‘ Sjōrai Moluroku ‘ (804) by author Kūkai and the ‘ Tosa Nikki ‘ (‘ Tosa Diary’ ) by Ki no Tsurayuki (early 10th century), which was found revolutionary because it featured a female narrator.

Haiku poet Matsuo Bashō wrote the story ‘ Oku no Hosomitsji ‘ (‘ The narrow road to the Deep North’ ) in the second half of the 17th century. The work included the journey, places visited and the author’s personal experience.

Throughout the history of travel writing, you might not categorize some of the historical tales as travel stories. But how about the famous travelogue ‘ Odysseia ‘ (‘ Odysey ‘) from 8B.C. by Homer? This poem recounted Greek hero Odysseus’ long journey home after the fall of Troy.

The Latin work ‘ Commentarii dé bello Gallico ‘ by Julius Caesar reported his journey during the Gallic War.

Greek writer Xenophone wrote ‘Anabasis’ around 431-355 BC. It was about the expedition of a Persian prince against his brother, King Artaxerxes II and the Greek troops travels through Asia back home to Greece. In Medieval works, it showed that people had very little knowledge about the world around them.

Stories were usually a colourful mix of facts and impossible events. They were mostly quests (for the Holy Grail or for personal development) or texts with a mainly Christian/spiritual focus. You can’t really call them travel stories, as they didn’t tell much about the actual environment.

It’s hard to say with 100% accuracy, but often the Greek author Herodotus is consider the first real ‘travel writer’. He travelled all over the eastern Mediterranean to research his monumental Histories , written between 450 and 420 BC.

The Histories serves as a record of the ancient traditions, politics, geography, and clashes of various cultures that were known in Greece, Western Asia and Northern Africa at that time.

After the crusades, new stories and information reached the people. They started to realize that there was a whole other world outside their own. The history of travel literature evolved even more at this point.

There came a shift in stories type, as there was much curiosity about explorations and voyages to unknown destinations.

Travel was a necessity at those times. That is why most travel stories were purely intended to inform about the different nature and culture of inhabitants they met. And the best ways in which to approach them. There were also a lot of military explorations that informed more about strategic issues.

A well-known travel writer in those times was Marco Polo from Italy , who wrote (or let someone else write) about a Venetian traveller on his way to China and the Mongol Empire in the work ‘ Il milione ‘ (‘ The million ‘, 1298). This work is seen as a truthful report of things, complemented with (not always correct) information he collected through hearsay.

In 1336, someone did a bit more than just jotting down facts about his destination. Italian poet and humanist Petrarch described his experiences about climbing mount Ventoux and –more importantly- his satisfaction about reaching the top. He also wrote about his travel companions and even related his experience to his own moral development in life, as were it a pilgrimage.

More and more people after Petrarch found a new interest in writing about their travels in a more personal way.

World traveller Ibn Battuta from Morocco wrote in 1355 the work ‘ Rihla ‘ (‘ The Journey ‘), with an original title that translates as: ‘ A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling ‘.

Halfway through the 15 th century, Historicus Gilles le Bouvier from France wrote in a book his opinion about why people should travel and write about it: ‘ Because many people of diverse nations and countries delight and take please, as I have done in times past, in seeing the world and things therein, and also because many wish to know without going there, and others wish to see, go and travel, I have begun this little book .’

The Travel Tester loves to review books that teach you something about yourself or the world around us.

From travel guides and stories to books about business and self-development and from cultural stories to cook books from kitchens around the world… if it looks interesting to us, we’ll test it!

No matter where you’re going, with our reviews you’ll know exactly what to read next!

Continuing this history of travel writing through ages, in the 18 th century travel writing was known under the name ‘ Book of Travels ‘. Usually these were maritime journals – and the people devoured them. British James Cook’s diaries (1784) reached the status of a modern day international best-seller. Along with true stories, imaginary travel stories started to appear.

Many of them were actually based on factual journeys. You might have heard of Joseph Conrad’s ‘ Heart of Darkeness ‘, Daniel Defoe’s ‘ Robins on Crusoe’ , Jonathan Swift’s ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ or Jules Vernes, ‘The journey around the world in 80 days’ .

Charles Darwin wrote his famous account of the journey of the HMS Beagle in the 19 th century. It was a work at the intersection of science, natural history and travel. Other famous authors from his time, that also wrote travel stories where: Hans Christian Andersen, Charles Dickens and Mark Twain.

There have been many studies about travel writing and travel literature.

They include themes such as: interwar travel writing as escapism, the primitivist presentation of foreign cultures, the psychological correlatives of travel, the role of gender in travel and travel writing, explorations of the political functions of travel, studies about the function of language in travel and travel writing, cultural diversity, globalization and migration.

The first international travel writing conference was titled ‘ Snapshots from Abroad ‘ and was organized by Donald Ross at the University of Minnesota in the USA 1997. It attracted many scholars and led to the foundation of the ‘ International Society for Travel Writing ‘.

Travel writing in current times is quite a broad theme. From journal-type stories to literary works in which style and structure are more important.

Some of the most popular travel writers from the 20 th and 21 st century are (amongst others): Bill Bryson , Paul Theroux, Pico Iyer, Tim Cahill, Stanley Stewart, Kira Salak, Douglas Adams, Anthony Sattin, Ryszard Kapuscinski, Bruce Chatwin and Rory MacLean.

These days, we all know the travel blog as another form of travel writing.

The first online travel blog was posted by Jeff Greenwald on the ‘ Global Network Navigator ‘ in 1993. He described his journey around the world and later turned the pieces into a book.

TIP! Read this funny travel blog of how things went south for me once at Schiphol Airport (but all was ok in the end)…

There is a lot that goes into running a profitable blog and there’s so much that goes on behind the scenes than you might not realize at first.

I’ve been blogging since 2006 and have a ton of tips to share! From brainstorming ideas to creating content all year round and from posting on social media to maintaining your website, tracking what’s working, networking at events and eventually working with brands…

As you can see, travel and reporting about our travels has been a source of inspiration for a long time now. Whether it was military officers, missionaries, the early explorers, scientists, pilgrims, migrants or people simply going on a holiday, we love telling others about our adventures!

I hope you enjoyed this short history of travel writing. Do you have an (online) travel journal? Feel free to share it in the comment section. And don’t forget to share this article if you liked it!

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MORE ABOUT TRAVEL JOURNALLING

How to Make a Travel Journal ? Tips and Supplies
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65+ Travel Journal Prompts to inspire you
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The Travel Tester || Creatief & Cultureel Reisblog

In The Travel Tester shop, you will find our favourite travel products and original gift ideas.

Whether you’re looking for the best travel gear, gadgets, electronics, packing solutions, clothing, shoes, travel books, health- or beauty products… we’ve made a personal selection for you!

We’ve also included our favourite tech items used to create this blog, as well as material that can help you in your self-development, such as interesting books and courses.

Monday 5th of March 2018

A great synopsis of the fundamentals of travel writing. From the very start one can easily discover a cultural binding through the need of storytelling and sharing. Thank you guys!

Nienke Krook

Friday 6th of April 2018

Glad you liked it Antonios!

HISTORY CHALLENGE: HISTORIC TRAVELLERS | Time Travelling With Kids

Monday 28th of November 2016

[…] For an overview of the history of travel writing, visit: https://thetraveltester.com/a-short-history-of-travel-writing/ […]

Friday 20th of February 2015

Your article is absolutely fascinating Nineke. I came across it whilst researchign a talk I'm giving on the 'Pleasure of Travel Writing' and will certainly recommend it to the audience :-)

Wednesday 25th of February 2015

Thanks so much Zoë! Would have loved to see your talk, will it be online somewhere? Thanks for mentioning me!

LifeInCamelot

Wednesday 6th of February 2013

I enjoyed reading this and am glad I have found you. Welcome to Australia and I look forward to reading more of your stories. I have started my own travel blog - it includes some travelogues (from the past) and some travel stories. I enjoy using humour so love reading other people's sites that are humourous. I also love the feeling of nostalgia your blog has, along with the history of your grandfather.

My blog address is - www.lifeincamelot.wordpress.com

thetraveltester

Hi (sorry couldn't find your name anywhere?), Thanks for your nice comment. I've just left Australia after 2 years and loved living there. Now it's adjusting to (coldcold) Europe :) I am looking forward to reading your blog, thanks for the tip!

Travel Writers’ Field Guide: History of Travel Writing

The world is full of stories: write them

Welcome to the first in a year-long series of blog posts from the Travel Writers’ Field Guide.

The Travel Writers’ Field Guide is a comprehensive handbook for writing while travelling. A practical, but beautifully produced, reference guide to best practice in travel writing, how to get published, how to write well, how to interview people and get the very most out of being on the road. It’s loaded with tips, advice, inspiration and some of our favourite travel writing.

But it’s more than just a book: it’s also a podcast and live talks. With this post, we launch the project, while the book and podcast will follow in November.

A Brief History of Travel Writing

From Aristotle writing the Poetics, the form of stories has long been considered and dissected. In the Poetics, Aristotle writes about form (the plot, in which there must be some discovery) and the content, which covers the language and ‘melody’ of the words, the characters in it, and the method of telling the story; who is the narrator for example?

Where does this intersect with travel? This is a predictably simple answer: stories about travelling. Our book is about making that definition more complicated because we want to answer a different question: what makes great travel writing? First, we must take a very quick look back into the history of travel writing as a genre.

Since man could speak or draw, we’ve been telling stories of exploration and travel. Pausanias (AD 110 – c. 180) was a Greek traveller and geographer who explored the Greek empire, writing down detailed notes as he went, the result of which was his Description of Greece. In it, he talks about architecture and natural history, religious ritual and art. His work left an important and, by many accounts, accurate description of the civilisation.

With a title that could be found in a library today, Journey Through Wales (1191) and Description of Wales (1194), written in Latin by Gerald of Wales, attempted to offer a guide to the country. In Description of Wales (Descriptio Cambriae) he describes the good bits firstly about his fellow countryfolk, writing: ‘The Welsh go to extremes in all matters. You may never find anyone worse than a bad Welshman, but you will certainly never find anyone better than a good one.’ In the second book of the volume, he describes the bad bits.

Travel literature developing in China and across the globe

In China, around the 1300s, ‘travel record literature’ was emerging – a blend of narrative, prose, essay and diary. These were accounts that had an agenda, which mapped the cultural and topographical landscape in much the same way as a cartographer would map the geography. Similarly, Gilles le Bouvier, a royal messenger for Charles VII, travelled widely across Europe, writing about what he saw, not only for the king he served but for a wider audience.

It was an 18th-century audience that became most receptive to travel literature as it became a recognised genre aimed at a newly mobile public who were beginning to discover their country and their world. Diaries from explorers such as Captain James Cook, Robert Falcon Scott and Alfred Russel Wallace became best-sellers, as did poems, novels and plays based in exotic location from writers including Charles Baudelaire, Walter Scott and Lord Byron.

There is a wealth of work, too, from the rich toffs who embarked on the Grand Tour to plunder the riches of Egypt and fall in love with flower girls in Venice. It is, for the large part, a self-indulgent collection of overwrought meanderings, although often entertaining reads.

Who are some of the best travel authors?

The author Robert Louis Stevenson wrote several books with titles that could easily appear on the shelves of Daunt Books today: An Inland Voyage (1878) and Travels with a Donkey in Cévennes (1879) – which isn’t quite the comedic romp it suggests (read Tim Moore’s hilarious Spanish Steps for that), but a valuable piece of writing nevertheless. It strikes another question we’ll ask soon: why travel?

Stevenson wrote:

‘For my part, I travel not to go anywhere, but to go. I travel for travel’s sake. The great affair is to move; to feel the needs and hitches of our life more clearly; to come down off this feather-bed of civilisation, and find the globe granite underfoot and strewn with cutting flints.’

It was with travel authors such as Bruce Chatwin and Paul Theroux in the 1970s and 1980s, however, that ‘travel book’ as a separate section in the library’s Dewey Decimal Classification System was required. Here began a body of work from both writers who would set off, largely not knowing what to expect, but with the sole purpose of returning with a book for publication.

We cite these travel authors because they are masters of the genre: Chatwin’s sparse prose said as much about the art of travel as the culture itself, and Paul Theroux’s wry observations similarly offered a highly subjective view. These writers were the protagonists; it was their narrative, knowingly at the centre of the story, not just fly-on-the-wall observers. It is a style that we most readily recognise from newspaper travel sections and magazines today, yet as we are to discover, this is only one style among the vast range of travel writing.

If you’d love to turn your hand to travel writing or simply love travel literature, we’d love you to come back to our Travel Writer’s Field Guide. It won’t be long before everything gets underway! Stay tuned for more details on the upcoming podcast…

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Encyclopedia of Early Modern Philosophy and the Sciences pp 1–3 Cite as

Travel Writing and Early Modern Experimental Philosophy

Emily Thomas 3
Living reference work entry
First Online: 09 June 2020

117 Accesses

1 Citations

Travel books ; Travel literature ; Voyages of discovery

Definition/Introduction

This topic explores the relationship between travel writing and experimental philosophy, touching on Francis Bacon, the Royal Society, and John Locke.

Travel Writing

The “Age of Discovery” is a period of European history running from the late fifteenth to the late seventeenth century. European ships set off around the world, mapping unfamiliar lands, seeking new trade routes, conquering and colonizing. Halfway through this period, travel writing became tangled with experimental philosophy.

In the early seventeenth century, philosophers argued we should obtain information about the world through observation and experiment. In this way we would create “natural histories” of existing things. Francis Bacon’s 1620 The Great Instauration (Instauratio Magna) listed dozens of topics for study, including seas, clouds, weather effects, the motions of the Earth, animals, and metals; see Bacon ( 1900 , 372–81)....

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Department of Philosophy, Durham University, Durham, UK

Emily Thomas

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Correspondence to Emily Thomas .

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Faculty of Philosophy, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

Dana Jalobeanu

Dept. of Philosophy and Moral Sciences, Ghent University Dept. Philosophy & Moral Sci, Ghent, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium

Charles T. Wolfe

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Sociology, Philosophy & Anthropology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

Kirsten Walsh

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Thomas, E. (2020). Travel Writing and Early Modern Experimental Philosophy. In: Jalobeanu, D., Wolfe, C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Early Modern Philosophy and the Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20791-9_97-1

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20791-9_97-1

Received : 11 November 2019

Accepted : 09 April 2020

Published : 09 June 2020

Publisher Name : Springer, Cham

Print ISBN : 978-3-319-20791-9

Online ISBN : 978-3-319-20791-9

eBook Packages : Springer Reference Religion and Philosophy Reference Module Humanities and Social Sciences Reference Module Humanities

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What is Travel Writing?

For thousands of years, travellers have written about their experiences exploring the furthest reaches of the world, both to record their journeys for personal reasons and as a guide for those who might follow.

Before the internet age, even as far back as Ancient Greece, stories of distant lands were popular because many people would never have had an opportunity to visit themselves.

But what is travel writing like today? With the internet, sharing experiences of our travels has never before been so easy, and arguably travel writing in one form or another is more popular ever.

Definition of travel writing

Travel writing is a genre that describes a writer’s experiences, observations, and feelings while travelling to different places.

It often includes descriptions of the landscape, culture, people, and events that the writer encounters, as well as their personal thoughts and reflections on these experiences.