a tourism holidaymaking

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IELTS Reading 31: TOURISM

You should spend about  20 minutes  on  Questions 28-41  which are based on  Reading Passage 33  below.

A.  Tourism, holidaymaking and travel are these days more significant social phenomena than most commentators have considered. On the face of it there could not be a more trivial subject for a book. And indeed since social scientists have had considerable difficulty explaining weightier topics, such as work or politics, it might be thought that they would have great difficulties in accounting for more trivial phenomena such as holidaymaking. However, there are interesting parallels with the study of deviance. This involves the investigation of bizarre and idiosyncratic social practices which happen to be defined as deviant in some societies but not necessarily in others. The assumption is that the investigation of deviance can reveal interesting and significant aspects of normal societies. It could be said that a similar analysis can be applied to tourism.

B.  Tourism is a leisure activity which presupposes its opposite, namely regulated and organised work. It is one manifestation of how work and leisure are organised as separate and regulated spheres of social practice in modern societies. Indeed acting as a tourist is one of the defining characteristics of being ‘modern’ and the popular concept of tourism is that it is organised within particular places and occurs for regularised periods of time. Tourist relationships arise from a movement of people to, and their stay in, various destinations. This necessarily involves some movement, that is the journey, and a period of stay in a new place or places. ‘The journey and the stay’ are by definition outside the normal places of residence and work and are of a short term and temporary nature and there is a clear intention to return ‘home’ within a relatively short period of time.

C.  A substantial proportion of the population of modern societies engages in such tourist practices new socialised forms of provision have developed in order to cope with the mass character of the gazes of tourists as opposed to the individual character of travel. Places are chosen to be visited and be gazed upon because there is an anticipation especially through daydreaming and fantasy of intense pleasures, either on a different scale or involving different senses from those customarily encountered. Such anticipation is constructed and sustained through a variety of non-tourist practices such as films, TV literature, magazines records and videos which construct and reinforce this daydreaming.

D.  Tourists tend to visit features of landscape and townscape which separate them off from everyday experience. Such aspects are viewed because they are taken to be in some sense out of the ordinary. The viewing of these tourist sights often involves different forms of social patterning with a much greater sensitivity to visual elements of landscape or townscape than is normally found in everyday life. People linger over these sights in a way that they would not normally do in their home environment and the vision is objectified or captured through photographs postcards films and so on which enable the memory to be endlessly reproduced and recaptured.

E.  One of the earliest dissertations on the subject of tourism is Boorstins analysis of the pseudo event (1964) where he argues that contemporary. Americans cannot experience reality directly but thrive on pseudo events. Isolated from the host environment and the local people the mass tourist travels in guided groups and finds pleasure in inauthentic contrived attractions gullibly enjoying the pseudo events and disregarding the real world outside. Over time the images generated of different tourist sights come to constitute a closed self-perpetuating system of illusions which provide the tourist with the basis for selecting and evaluating potential places to visit. Such visits are made says Boorstin, within the environmental bubble of the familiar American style hotel which insulates the tourist from the strangeness of the host environment.

F.  To service the burgeoning tourist industry, an array of professionals has developed who attempt to reproduce ever-new objects for the tourist to look at. These objects or places are located in a complex and changing hierarchy. This depends upon the interplay between, on the one hand, competition between interests involved in the provision of such objects and, on the other hand changing class, gender, and generational distinctions of taste within the potential population of visitors. It has been said that to be a tourist is one of the characteristics of the modern experience. Not to go away is like not possessing a car or a nice house. Travel is a marker of status in modern societies and is also thought to be necessary for good health. The role of the professional, therefore, is to cater for the needs and tastes of the tourists in accordance with their class and overall expectations.

1. Questions 28-32

Raiding Passage 3 has 6 paragraphs ( A-F ).

Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below Write the appropriate numbers ( i-ix ) in boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet.

Paragraph  D  has been done for you as an example.

NB . There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them You may use any heading more than once.

28. Paragraph   A

29. Paragraph   B

30. Paragraph   C

31.   Paragraph   E

32.   Paragraph   F

2. Questions 33-37

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 35? In boxes 33-37 write :

YES                 if the statement agrees with the writer

NO                  if the statement contradicts the writer

NOT GIVEN   if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

33.  Tourism is a trivial subject.

34.  An analysis of deviance can act as a model for the analysis of tourism.

35.  Tourists usually choose to travel overseas.

36.  Tourists focus more on places they visit than those at home.

37.  Tour operators try to cheat tourists.

3. Questions 38-41

Chose one phrase ( A-H ) from the list of phrases to complete each key point below. Write the

appropriate letters ( A-H ) in boxes  38-41  on your answer sheet.

The information in the completed sentences should be an accurate summary of points made by the writer.

NB  There are more phrases  A-H  than sentences so you will not use them all. You may use any phrase more than once.

38.  Our concept of tourism arises from …….

39.  The media can be used to enhance …….

40.  People view tourist landscapes in a different way from …….

41.  Group tours encourage participants to look at …….

28. iii; 29. v; 30. iv; 31. vii; 32. viii;

33. NO; 34. YES; 35. NOT GIVEN; 36. YES; 37.NOT GIVEN;

38. D; 39. B; 40. F; 41. H

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IELTS Academic Reading Sample 35 - Tourism

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I think the answer for Q33 must be YES

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Tourism Reading Answers

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based on the Reading Passage below.

A  Tourism, holidaymaking and travel are, these days, more significant social phenomena than most commentators have considered. On the face of it, there could not be a more trivial subject for a book. And indeed, since social scientists have had considerable difficulty explaining weightier topics, such as work or politics, it might be thought that they would have great difficulties in accounting for more trivial phenomena such as holidaymaking. However, there are interesting parallels with the study of deviance.

This involves the investigation of bizarre and idiosyncratic social practices which happen to be defined as deviant in some societies but not necessarily in others. The assumption is that the investigation of deviance can reveal interesting and significant aspects of normal societies. It could be said that a similar analysis can be applied to tourism.

B  Tourism is a leisure activity which presupposes its opposite, namely regulated and organised work. It is one manifestation of how work and leisure are organised as separate and regulated spheres of social practice in modern societies. Indeed acting as a tourist is one of the defining characteristics of being ‘modern’ and the popular concept of tourism is that it is organised within particular places and occurs for regularised periods of time.

Tourist relationships arise from a movement of people to, and their stay in, various destinations. This necessarily involves some movement, that is the journey, and a period of stay in a new place or places. ‘The journey and the stay’ are by definition outside the normal places of residence and work and are of a short term and temporary nature and there is a clear intention to return ‘home’ within a relatively short period of time.

C  A substantial proportion of the population of modern societies engages in such tourist practices and new socialised forms of provision have developed in order to cope with the mass character of the gazes of tourists as opposed to the individual character of travel. Places are chosen to be visited and be gazed upon because there is an anticipation especially through daydreaming and fantasy of intense pleasures, either on a different scale or involving different senses from those customarily encountered. Such anticipation is constructed and sustained through a variety of non-tourist practices such as films, TV literature, magazines records and videos which construct and reinforce this daydreaming.

D  Tourists tend to visit features of landscape and townscape which separate them off from everyday experience. Such aspects are viewed because they are taken to be in some sense out of the ordinary. The viewing of these tourist sights often involves different forms of social patterning with a much greater sensitivity to visual elements of landscape or townscape than is normally found in everyday life.

People linger over these sights in a way that they would not normally do in their home environment and the vision is objectified or captured through photographs, postcards, films and so on which enable the memory to be endlessly reproduced and recaptured.

E  One of the earliest dissertations on the subject of tourism is Boorstin’s analysis of the pseudo event (1964) where he argues that contemporary Americans cannot experience reality directly but thrive on pseudo events. Isolated from the host environment and the local people the mass tourist travels in guided groups and finds pleasure in inauthentic contrived attractions gullibly enjoying the pseudo events and disregarding the real world outside.

Over time the images generated of different tourist sights come to constitute a closed self-perpetuating system of illusions which provide the tourist with the basis for selecting and evaluating potential places to visit. Such visits are made, says Boorstin, within the environmental bubble of the familiar American style hotel which insulates the tourist from the strangeness of the host environment.

F  To service the burgeoning tourist industry, an array of professionals has developed who attempt to reproduce ever-new objects for the tourist to look at. These objects or places are located in a complex and changing hierarchy. This depends upon the interplay between, on the one hand, competition between interests involved in the provision of such objects and, on the other hand changing class, gender, and generational distinctions of taste within the potential population of visitors.

It has been said that to be a tourist is one of the characteristics of the modern experience. Not to go away is like not possessing a car or a nice house. Travel is a marker of status in modern societies and is also thought to be necessary for good health.

Questions 28-32

• The Reading Passage has 6 paragraphs (A-F).
• Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
• Write the appropriate numbers (i-ix) in boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet.
• Paragraph D has been done for you as an example.

Note:  There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them. You may use any heading more than once.

 List of Headings

i  The politics of tourism

ii  The cost of tourism

iii  Justifying the study of tourism

iv  Tourism contrasted with travel

v  The essence of modern tourism

vi  Tourism versus leisure

vii  The artificiality of modern tourism

viii  The role of modern tour guides

ix  Creating an alternative to the everyday experience

28 Paragraph A

29 Paragraph B

30 Paragraph C

Example                    Answer

Paragraph D               ix

31 Paragraph E

32 Paragraph F

Questions 33-37

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 35? In boxes 33-37 write :

YES                                 if the statement agrees with the writer

NO                                  if the statement contradicts the writer

NOT GIVEN                 if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

33 Tourism is a trivial subject.

34 An analysis of deviance can act as a model for the analysis of tourism.

35 Tourists usually choose to travel overseas.

36 Tourists focus more on places they visit than those at home.

37 Tour operators try to cheat tourists.

Questions 38-41

• Choose one phrase (A-H) from the list of phrases to complete each key point below.
• Write the appropriate letters (A-H) in boxes 38-41 on your answer sheet.
• The information in the completed sentences should be an accurate summary of points made by the writer.

NB There are more phrases A-H than sentences so you will not use them all. You may use any phrase more than once.

38 Our concept of tourism arises from …….

39 The media can be used to enhance …….

40 People view tourist landscapes in a different way from …….

41 Group tours encourage participants to look at …….

List of Phrases

A local people and their environment.

B the expectations of tourists.

C the phenomena of holidaymaking.

D the distinction we make between holidays, work and leisure.

E the individual character of travel.

F places seen in everyday life.

G photographs which recapture our

H sights designed specially for tourists.

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IELTS Academic Reading Sample 9 “Tourism” with Answers

IELTS Academic Reading Sample 9 – “ Tourism ” With Key Answers and explanation on ieltsgame.com .

The passage from recent real IELTS reading exams from IELTS Cambridge materials  to help you in exam preparation .

This passage is more Academic than General, so, if you are preparing to take Academic module, it will be suitable for you as it will give you a punch of vocabulary for IELTS .

Questions of this Reading sample contains:

• List of headings question type,
• Yes, No, Not Given, and
• List of phrases question type.

You will find an explanation of each answer, and the keyword for each question. Let’s start the mini-ielts exam.

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-41 which are based on the Academic Reading Passage 9 from IELTS Game website on the following pages.

Paragraph A

Tourism, holidaymaking and travel are these days more significant social phenomena than most commentators have considered. On the face of it, there could not be a more trivial subject for a book. And indeed since social scientists have had considerable difficulty explaining weightier topics, such as work or politics, it might be thought that they would have great difficulties in accounting for more trivial phenomena such as holiday making. However, there are interesting parallels with the study of deviance. This involves the investigation of bizarre and idiosyncratic social practices which happen to be defined as deviant in some societies but not necessarily in others. The assumption is that the investigation of deviance can reveal interesting and significant aspects of normal societies. It could be said that a similar analysis can be applied to tourism.

Paragraph B

Tourism is a leisure activity which presupposes its opposite, namely regulated and organised work. It is one manifestation of how work and leisure are organised as separate and regulated spheres of social practice in modern societies. Indeed acting as a tourist is one of the defining characteristics of being ‘modern’ and the popular concept of tourism is that it is organised within particular places and occurs for regularised periods of time. Tourist relationships arise from a movement of people to, and their stay in, various destinations. This necessarily involves some movement, that is the journey, and a period of stay in a new place or places. ‘The journey and the stay’ are by definition outside the normal places of residence and work and are of a short term and temporary nature and there is a clear intention to return ‘home’ within a relatively short period of time.

Paragraph C

A substantial proportion of the population of modern societies engages in such tourist practices new socialised forms of provision have developed in order to cope with the mass character of the gazes of tourists as opposed to the individual character of travel. Places are chosen to be visited and be gazed upon because there is an anticipation especially through daydreaming and fantasy of intense pleasures, either on a different scale or involving different senses from those customarily encountered. Such anticipation is constructed and sustained through a variety of non-tourist practices such as films, TV literature, magazines records and videos which construct and reinforce this daydreaming.

Paragraph D

Tourists tend to visit features of landscape and townscape which separate them off from everyday experience. Such aspects are viewed because they are taken to be in some sense out of the ordinary. The viewing of these tourist sights often involves different forms of social patterning with a much greater sensitivity to visual elements of landscape or townscape than is normally found in everyday life. People linger over these sights in a way that they would not normally do in their home environment and the vision is objectified or captured through photographs postcards films and so on which enable the memory to be endlessly reproduced and recaptured.

Paragraph E

One of the earliest dissertations on the subject of tourism is Boorstins analysis of the pseudo event (1964) where he argues that contemporary. Americans cannot experience reality directly but thrive on pseudo events. Isolated from the host environment and the local people the mass tourist travels in guided groups and finds pleasure in inauthentic contrived attractions gullibly enjoying the pseudo events and disregarding the real world outside. Over time the images generated of different tourist sights come to constitute a closed self-perpetuating system of illusions which provide the tourist with the basis for selecting and evaluating potential places to visit. Such visits are made says Boorstin, within the environmental bubble of the familiar American style hotel which insulates the tourist from the strangeness of the host environment.

Paragraph F

To service the burgeoning tourist industry, an array of professionals has developed who attempt to reproduce ever-new objects for the tourist to look at. These objects or places are located in a complex and changing hierarchy. This depends upon the interplay between, on the one hand, competition between interests involved in the provision of such objects and, on the other hand changing class, gender, and generational distinctions of taste within the potential population of visitors. It has been said that to be a tourist is one of the characteristics of the modern experience. Not to go away is like not possessing a car or a nice house. Travel is a marker of status in modern societies and is also thought to be necessary for good health. The role of the professional, therefore, is to cater for the needs and tastes of the tourists in accordance with their class and overall expectations.

Tourism Reading Passage Questions

Questions 28-32 Raiding Passage 9 has 6 paragraphs (A-F).

Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below Write the appropriate numbers (i-ix) in boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet.

Paragraph D has been done for you as an example.

NB . There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them You may use any heading more than once.

List of Headings

i The politics of tourism

ii The cost of tourism

iii Justifying the study of tourism

iv Tourism contrasted with travel

v The essence of modern tourism

vi Tourism versus leisure

vii The artificiality of modern tourism

viii The role of modern tour guides

ix Creating an alternative to the everyday experience

• Paragraph A             …….
• Paragraph B             …….
• Paragraph C            …….

Ex: Paragraph D   Answer: ix

• Paragraph E             …….
• Paragraph F             …….

Questions 33-37

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 9? In boxes 33-37 write :

YES                 if the statement agrees with the writer NO                  if the statement contradicts the writer NOT GIVEN   if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

• Tourism is a trivial subject.
• An analysis of deviance can act as a model for the analysis of tourism.
• Tourists usually choose to travel overseas.
• Tourists focus more on places they visit than those at home.
• Tour operators try to cheat tourists.

Questions 38-41

Choose one phrase ( A-H ) from the list of phrases to complete each key point below. Write the appropriate letters ( A-H ) in boxes  38-41  on your answer sheet.

The information in the completed sentences should be an accurate summary of points made by the writer.

NB:  There are more phrases  A-H  than sentences so you will not use them all. You may use any phrase more than once.

• Our concept of tourism arises from …….
• The media can be used to enhance …….
• People view tourist landscapes in a different way from …….
• Group tours encourage participants to look at …….

List of Phrases

A. local people and their environment.

B. the expectations of tourists.

C. the phenomena of holidaymaking.

D. the distinction we make between holidays. work and leisure.

E. the individual character of travel.

F. places seen in everyday life.

G. photographs which recapture our

H. sights designed specially for tourists.

"Tourism" IELTS Academic Reading Sample Key Answers

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Tourism: IELTS Academic Reading Answers

Cambridge 1 Academic Test 2 Passage 03: Tourism reading answers location, explanation and pdf summary. This reading paragraph has been taken from our huge collection of Academic & General Training (GT) Reading practice test PDF’s.

IELTS reading module focuses on evaluating a candidate’s comprehension skills and ability to understand English. This is done by testing the reading proficiency through questions based on different structures and paragraphs (500-950 words each). There are 40 questions in total and hence it becomes extremely important to practice each and every question structure before actually sitting for the exam.

This reading passage mainly consists of following types of questions:

• Match the headings
• Yes/No/Not Given
• Write correct letters

We are going to read some facts about the Tourism industry. You must read the passage carefully and try to answer all questions correctly. 

A . Tourism, holiday making and travel are these days more significant social phenomena than most commentators have considered. On the face of it there could not be a more trivial subject for a book. And indeed since social scientists have had considerable difficulty explaining weightier topics such as work or politics it might be thought that they would have great difficulties in accounting for more trivial phenomena such as holiday making. However there are interesting parallels with the study of deviance. This involves the investigation of bizarre and idiosyncratic social practices which happen to be defined as deviant in some societies but not necessarily in others The assumption is that the investigation of deviance can reveal interesting and significant aspects of normal societies It could be said that a similar analysis can be applied to tourism

B. Tourism is a leisure activity which presupposes its opposite namely regulated and organised work It is one manifestation of how work and leisure are organised as separate and regulated spheres of social practice in modern societies Indeed acting as a tourist is one of the defining characteristics of being modern’ and the popular concept of tourism is that it is organised within particular places and occurs for regularised periods of time Tourist relationships arise from a movement of people to and their stay in various destinations This necessarily involves some movement that is the journey and a period of stay in a new place or places The journey and the stay are by definition outside the normal places of residence and work and are of a short term and temporary nature and there is a clear intention to return “home within a relatively short period of time.

C. A substantial proportion of the population of modern societies engages in such tourist practices new socialised forms of provision have developed in order to cope with the mass character of the gazes of tourists as opposed to the individual character of travel Places are chosen to be visited and be gazed upon because there is an anticipation especially through daydreaming and fantasy of intense pleasures, either on a different scale or involving different senses from those customarily encountered Such anticipation is constructed and sustained through a variety of non-tourist practices such as films TV literature, magazines records and videos which construct and reinforce this daydreaming.

D. Tourists tend to visit features of landscape and townscape which separate them off from everyday experience Such aspects are viewed because they are taken to be in some sense out of the ordinary The viewing of these tourist sights often involves different forms of social patterning with a much greater sensitivity to visual elements of landscape or townscape than is normally found in everyday life People linger over these sights in a way that they would not normally do in their home environment and the vision is objectified or captured through photographs postcards films and so on which enable the memory to be endlessly reproduced and recaptured.

E. One of the earliest dissertations on the subject of tourism is Boorstins analysis of the pseudo event (1964) where he argues that contemporary Americans cannot experience reality’ directly but thrive on “pseudo events Isolated from the host environment and the local people the mass tourist travels in guided groups and finds pleasure in inauthentic contrived attractions gullibly enjoying the pseudo events and disregarding the real world outside Over time the images generated of different tourist sights come to constitute a closed selfperpetuating system of illusions which provide the tourist with the basis for selecting and evaluating potential places to visit Such visits are made says Boorstin, within the “environmental bubble of the familiar American style hotel which insulates the tourist from the strangeness of the host environment

F. To service the burgeoning tourist industry, an array of professionals has developed who attempt to reproduce evernew objects for the tourist to look at These objects or places are located in a complex and changing hierarchy This depends upon the interplay between, on the one hand, competition between interests involved in the provision of such objects and, on the other hand changing class, gender, and generational distinctions of taste within the potential population of visitors It has been said that to be a tourist is one of the characteristics of the “modern experience Not to go away is like not possessing a car or a nice house. Travel is a marker of status in modern societies and is also thought to be necessary for good health.

Questions 28-32

Raiding Passage 3 has 6 paragraphs (A-F). Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

Write the appropriate numbers (i-ix) in boxes 28 32 on your answer sheet Paragraph D has been done for you as an example.

NB There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them. You may use any heading more than once.

28. Paragraph A

29. Paragraph B

30. Paragraph C

31 . Paragraph E

32. Paragraph E

Questions 33-37

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 33-37 write:

33. Tourism is a trivial subject.

34. An analysis of deviance can act as a model for the analysis of tourism.

35. Tourists usually choose to travel overseas.

36. Tourists focus more on places they visit than those at home.

37. Tour operators try to cheat tourists.

Questions 38-41

Chose one phrase (A-H) from the list of phrases to complete each key point below. Write the appropriate letters (A-H) in boxes 38-41 on your answer sheet.

The information in the completed sentences should be an accurate summary of points made by the writer.

NB There are more phrases A-H than sentences so you will not use them all. You may use any phrase more than once.

38. Our concept of tourism arises from …

39. The media can be used to enhance …

40. People view tourist landscapes in a different way from …

41. Group tours encourage participants to look at …

Answers/Explanation

Check out your Tourism reading answers below with locations and explanations given in the text.

(Suggested approach)

• Read the task rubric carefully. By choosing the correct phrase A-H, you will make summary points of the information given in the passage.
• It is obviously best to work from the questions as these are the start of each sentence.
• Read through item 38.
• Read through the list of phrases to familiarise yourself with them.
• Skim through the passage looking for key words that indicate that the information in question 38 is going to be discussed. For item 38, this occurs in paragraph B. In the middle of the paragraph you read: “… the popular concept of tourism is that …’. But to understand the entire point you will have to read the whole paragraph and take the gist. This is best summarised in the second sentence of the paragraph: “It is one manifestation of how work and leisure are organised as separate and regulated spheres of social practice in “modern” societies.’ So the answer to question 38 is D.
• Go on to item 39 and repeat this procedure.

PDF Summary

If you want the Tourism reading pdf summary, please write your email in the comment section below. We’ll send it across at the speed of light.

You can buy the complete booklet here at discounted price.

All the best !

5 thoughts on “Tourism: IELTS Academic Reading Answers”

very good materials

Glad you find them useful. Prepare well!

copy in pdf of tourism please sent to my email

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TOURISM IELTS READING

Practice Test 2

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-41

which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

A Tourism, holidaymaking and travel are these days more significant social phenomena than most commentators have considered On the face of it there could not be a more trivial subject for a book And indeed since social scientists have had considerable difficulty explaining weightier topics such as work or politics it might be thought that they would have great difficulties in accounting for more trivial phenomena such as holiday making However there are interesting parallels with the study of deviance This involves the investigation of bizarre and idiosyncratic social practices which happen to be defined as deviant in some societies but not necessarily in others The assumption is that the investigation of deviance can reveal interesting and significant aspects of normal societies It could be said that a similar analysis can be applied to tourism.

B Tourism is a leisure activity which presupposes its opposite namely regulated and organised work It is one manifestation of how work and leisure are organised as separate and regulated spheres of social practice in modern societies Indeed acting as a tourist is one of the defining characteristics of being modern’ and the popular concept of tourism is that it is organised within particular places and occurs for regularised periods of time Tourist relationships arise from a movement of people to and their stay in various destinations This necessarily involves some movement that is the journey and a period of stay in a new place or places The journey and the stay are by definition outside the normal places of residence and work and are of a short term and temporary nature and there is a clear intention to return “home within a relatively short period of time.

C A substantial proportion of the population of modern societies engages in such tourist practices new socialised forms of provision have developed in order to cope with the mass character of the gazes of tourists as opposed to the individual character of travel Places are chosen to be visited and be gazed upon because there is an anticipation especially through daydreaming and fantasy of intense pleasures, either on a different scale or involving different senses from those customarily encountered Such anticipation is constructed and sustained through a variety of non-tourist practices such as films TV literature, magazines records and videos which construct and reinforce this daydreaming.

D Tourists tend to visit features of landscape and townscape which separate them off from everyday experience Such aspects are viewed because they are taken to be in some sense out of the ordinary The viewing of these tourist sights often involves different forms of social patterning with a much greater sensitivity to visual elements of landscape or townscape than is normally found in everyday life People linger over these sights in a way that they would not normally do in their home environment and the vision is objectified or captured through photographs postcards films and so on which enable the memory to be endlessly reproduced and recaptured.

E One of the earliest dissertations on the subject of tourism is Boorstins analysis of the pseudo event (1964) where he argues that contemporary Americans cannot experience reality’ directly but thrive on “pseudo events Isolated from the host environment and the local people the mass tourist travels in guided groups and finds pleasure in inauthentic contrived attractions gullibly enjoying the pseudo events and disregarding the real world outside Over time the images generated of different tourist sights come to constitute a closed self-perpetuating system of illusions which provide the tourist with the basis for selecting and evaluating potential places to visit Such visits are made says Boorstin, within the “environmental bubble of the familiar American style hotel which insulates the tourist from the strangeness of the host environment

F To service the burgeoning tourist industry, an array of professionals has developed who attempt to reproduce ever-new objects for the tourist to look at These objects or places are located in a complex and changing hierarchy This depends upon the interplay between, on the one hand, competition between interests involved in the provision of such objects and, on the other hand changing class, gender, and generational distinctions of taste within the potential population of visitors It has been said that to be a tourist is one of the characteristics of the “modern experience Not to go away is like not possessing a car or a nice house Travel is a marker of status in modern societies and is also thought to be necessary for good health The role of the professional, therefore, is to cater for the needs and tastes of the tourists in accordance with their class and overall expectations.

Questions 28-32

Raiding Passage 3 has 6 paragraphs (A-F) Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below Write the appropriate numbers (i-ix) in boxes 28 32 on your answer sheet Paragraph D has been done for you as an example. NB There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them You may use any heading more than once.

List of Headings

i The politics of tourism

ii The cost of tourism

iii Justifying the study of tourism

iv Tourism contrasted with travel

v The essence of modern tourism

vi Tourism versus leisure

vii The artificiality of modern tourism

viii The role of modern tour guides

ix Creating an alternative to the everyday experience

28 Paragraph A

29 Paragraph B

30 Paragraph C

Example Answer

Paragraph D ix

31 Paragraph E

32 Paragraph F

Questions 33-37

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 33-37 write

YES if the statement agrees with the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

People who can’t afford to travel watch films and TV. NOT GIVEN

33 Tourism is a trivial subject.

34 An analysis of deviance can act as a model for the analysis of tourism.

35 Tourists usually choose to travel overseas.

36 Tourists focus more on places they visit than those at home.

37 Tour operators try to cheat tourists.

Questions 38-41

Choose one phrase (A-H) from the list of phrases to complete each key point below.

Write the appropriate letters (A-H) in boxes 38-41 on your answer sheet.

The information in the completed sentences should be an accurate summary of points made by the writer.

NB There are more phrases A-H than sentences so you will not use them all. You may use any phrase more than once.

38 Our concept of tourism arises from ...

39 The media can be used to enhance ...

40 People view tourist landscapes in a different way from ...

41 Group tours encourage participants to look at ...

List of Phrases

A local people and their environment. E the individual character of travel.

B the expectations of tourists. F places seen in everyday life.

C the phenomena of holidaymaking. G photographs which recapture our

D the distinction we make between holidays. work and leisure. H sights designed specially for tourists.

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ANSWERS TOURISM IELTS READING

Question & Answers

35 NOT GIVEN

37 NOT GIVEN

Questions & Answers Location of Answers in The text

38 D “It is one manifestation of how work and leisure are organised as separate and regulated spheres …”

39 B “Such anticipation is constructed and sustained through a variety of non tourist practices, such as film TV …”

40 F “The viewing of these tourist sites often involves … a much greater sensitivity to visual elements of landscape or townscape than is normally found in daily life .”

41 H “… the mass tourist travels in guided groups and finds pleasure in inauthentic, contrived attractions …”

Take the complete quiz or just directly to tourism reading passage.

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Introduction

• Published: March 2021
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The introductory chapter of the book outlines and questions the conventional approach to the democratization and popularization of British holidaymaking in the late-nineteenth century. This dominant take interprets it as a process of depathologization or the result of a loss of faith in the healing powers of water and a growing demand for entertainment and amusement. It then lays out the aims and objectives of the book by introducing its central claim that historical changes in holiday culture and tourism consumption can be better understood in light of shifts in the way people understood emotions and the emotional self. The popularization of the British holiday resort went hand in hand with intense debates about the purpose of the holiday (health or pleasure) and its methods (treatments or amusements), all related to broader moral controversies concerning class and wellbeing. The chapter presents the research questions, theoretical framework, and structure of the work. It then explains the theoretical implications of the absence of a dedicated study on the emotional aspects of holidaymaking, and introduces the concept of ‘emotional economy’, which serves as the book’s central analytical framework throughout.

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Tourism – IELTS Academic Reading Passage

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-41 which are based on Reading Passage 35 below.

A  Tourism, holidaymaking and travel are these days more significant social phenomena than most commentators have considered. On the face of it, there could not be a more trivial subject for a book. And indeed since social scientists have had considerable difficulty explaining weightier topics, such as work or politics, it might be thought that they would have great difficulties in accounting for more trivial phenomena such as holidaymaking. However, there are interesting parallels with the study of deviance. This involves the investigation of bizarre and idiosyncratic social practices which happen to be defined as deviant in some societies but not necessarily in others. The assumption is that the investigation of deviance can reveal interesting and significant aspects of normal societies. It could be said that a similar analysis can be applied to tourism. B  Tourism is a leisure activity which presupposes its opposite, namely regulated and organised work. It is one manifestation of how work and leisure are organised as separate and regulated spheres of social practice in modern societies. Indeed acting as a tourist is one of the defining characteristics of being ‘modern’ and the popular concept of tourism is that it is organised within particular places and occurs for regularised periods of time. Tourist relationships arise from a movement of people to, and their stay in, various destinations. This necessarily involves some movement, that is the journey, and a period of stay in a new place or places. ‘The journey and the stay’ are by definition outside the normal places of residence and work and are of a short term and temporary nature and there is a clear intention to return ‘home’ within a relatively short period of time. C  A substantial proportion of the population of modern societies engages in such tourist practices new socialised forms of provision have developed in order to cope with the mass character of the gazes of tourists as opposed to the individual character of travel. Places are chosen to be visited and be gazed upon because there is an anticipation especially through daydreaming and fantasy of intense pleasures, either on a different scale or involving different senses from those customarily encountered. Such anticipation is constructed and sustained through a variety of non-tourist practices such as films, TV literature, magazines records and videos which construct and reinforce this daydreaming. D  Tourists tend to visit features of landscape and townscape which separate them off from everyday experience. Such aspects are viewed because they are taken to be in some sense out of the ordinary. The viewing of these tourist sights often involves different forms of social patterning with a much greater sensitivity to visual elements of landscape or townscape than is normally found in everyday life. People linger over these sights in a way that they would not normally do in their home environment and the vision is objectified or captured through photographs postcards films and so on which enable the memory to be endlessly reproduced and recaptured. E  One of the earliest dissertations on the subject of tourism is Boorstins analysis of the pseudo event (1964) where he argues that contemporary. Americans cannot experience reality directly but thrive on pseudo events. Isolated from the host environment and the local people the mass tourist travels in guided groups and finds pleasure in inauthentic contrived attractions gullibly enjoying the pseudo events and disregarding the real world outside. Over time the images generated of different tourist sights come to constitute a closed self-perpetuating system of illusions which provide the tourist with the basis for selecting and evaluating potential places to visit. Such visits are made says Boorstin, within the environmental bubble of the familiar American style hotel which insulates the tourist from the strangeness of the host environment. F  To service the burgeoning tourist industry, an array of professionals has developed who attempt to reproduce ever-new objects for the tourist to look at. These objects or places are located in a complex and changing hierarchy. This depends upon the interplay between, on the one hand, competition between interests involved in the provision of such objects and, on the other hand changing class, gender, and generational distinctions of taste within the potential population of visitors. It has been said that to be a tourist is one of the characteristics of the modern experience. Not to go away is like not possessing a car or a nice house. Travel is a marker of status in modern societies and is also thought to be necessary for good health. The role of the professional, therefore, is to cater for the needs and tastes of the tourists in accordance with their class and overall expectations. Questions 28-32 Raiding Passage 35 has 6 paragraphs (A-F). Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the appropriate numbers (i-ix) in boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet.

Paragraph D has been done for you as an example. NB. There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them. You may use any heading more than once.

                  List of Headings

i    The politics of tourism ii    The cost of tourism iii   Justifying the study of tourism iv   Tourism contrasted with travel v    The essence of modern tourism vi   Tourism versus leisure vii  The artificiality of modern tourism viii The role of modern tour guides ix   Creating an alternative to the everyday experience

28.   Paragraph   A 29.   Paragraph   B 30.   Paragraph   C

31.   Paragraph   E 32.   Paragraph   F

Questions 33-37 Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 35? In boxes 33-37 write :

          YES                 if the statement agrees with the writer           NO                  if the statement contradicts the writer           NOT GIVEN   if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

33.  Tourism is a trivial subject. 34.  An analysis of deviance can act as a model for the analysis of tourism. 35.  Tourists usually choose to travel overseas. 36.  Tourists focus more on places they visit than those at home. 37.  Tour operators try to cheat tourists.

Questions 38-41 Chose one phrase ( A-H ) from the list of phrases to complete each key point below. Write the appropriate letters ( A-H ) in boxes  38-41  on your answer sheet. The information in the completed sentences should be an accurate summary of points made by the writer. NB  There are more phrases  A-H  than sentences so you will not use them all. You may use any phrase more than once.

38.  Our concept of tourism arises from ……. 39.  The media can be used to enhance ……. 40.  People view tourist landscapes in a different way from ……. 41.  Group tours encourage participants to look at …….

                     List of Phrases

A  local people and their environment. B  the expectations of tourists. C  the phenomena of holidaymaking. D  the distinction we make between holidays. work and leisure. E  the individual character of travel. F  places seen in everyday life. G  photographs which recapture our H  sights designed specially for tourists.

Answer: 28. iii 29. v 30. iv 31. vii 32. viii 33. NO 34. YES 35. NOT GIVEN 36. YES 37. NOT GIVEN 38. D 39. B 40. F 41. H

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Tourism Reading Passage IELTS Reading with Answers.

Tourism reading passage ielts answers..

• NOT GIVEN Questions & Answers                         Location of Answers in The text   38       D                            “It is one manifestation of how work and leisure are organised as separate and regulated spheres …”  39           B                          “Such anticipation is constructed and sustained through a variety of non-tourist practices, such as film TV …”  40            F                          “The viewing of these tourist sites often involves … a much greater sensitivity to visual elements of landscape or townscape than is normally found in daily life .”  41           H                        “… the mass tourist travels in guided groups and finds pleasure in inauthentic, contrived attractions …”

Practice Test 2

READING PASSAGE 3- Tourism Reading Passage IELTS Reading.

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-41

  which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

A . Tourism, holidaymaking, and travel are these days more significant social phenomena than most commentators have considered On the face of it there could not be a more trivial subject for a book And indeed since social scientists have had considerable difficulty explaining weightier topics such as work or politics it might be thought that they would have great difficulties in accounting for more trivial phenomena such as holidaymaking However there are interesting parallels with the study of deviance This involves the investigation of bizarre and idiosyncratic social practices which happen to be defined as deviant in some societies but not necessarily in others The assumption is that the investigation of deviance can reveal interesting and significant aspects of normal societies It could be said that a similar analysis can be applied to tourism.

B . Tourism is a leisure activity which presupposes its opposite namely regulated and organised work It is one manifestation of how work and leisure are organised as separate and regulated spheres of social practice in modern societies Indeed acting as a tourist is one of the defining characteristics of being modern’ and the popular concept of tourism is that it is organised within particular places and occurs for regularised periods of time Tourist relationships arise from a movement of people to and their stay in various destinations This necessarily involves some movement that is the journey and a period of stay in a new place or places The journey and the stay are by definition outside the normal places of residence and work and are of a short term and temporary nature and there is a clear intention to return “home within a relatively short period of time.

 C . A substantial proportion of the population of modern societies engages in such tourist practices new socialised forms of provision have developed in order to cope with the mass character of the gazes of tourists as opposed to the individual character of travel Places are chosen to be visited and be gazed upon because there is an anticipation especially through daydreaming and fantasy of intense pleasures, either on a different scale or involving different senses from those customarily encountered Such anticipation is constructed and sustained through a variety of non-tourist practices such as films-TV literature, magazines records, and videos which construct and reinforce this daydreaming.

D . Tourists tend to visit features of landscape and townscape which separate them off from everyday experience Such aspects are viewed because they are taken to be in some sense out of the ordinary The viewing of these tourist sights often involves different forms of social patterning with a much greater sensitivity to visual elements of landscape or townscape than is normally found in everyday life People linger over these sights in a way that they would not normally do in their home environment and the vision is objectified or captured through photographs postcards films and so on which enable the memory to be endlessly reproduced and recaptured.

E. One of the earliest dissertations on the subject of tourism is Boorstins analysis of the pseudo-event (1964) where he argues that contemporary Americans cannot experience reality directly but thrive on “ppseudo-eventsIsolated from the host environment and the local people the mass tourist travels in guided groups and finds pleasure in inauthentic contrived attractions gullibly enjoying the ppseudo-eventsand disregarding the real world outside Over time the images generated of different tourist sights come to constitute a closed self-perpetuating system of illusions which provide the tourist with the basis for selecting and evaluating potential places to visit Such visits are made says Boorstin, within the “environmental bubble of the familiar American style hotel which insulates the tourist from the strangeness of the host environment

F . To service the burgeoning tourist industry, an array of professionals has developed who attempt to reproduce ever-new objects for the tourist to look at These objects or places are located in a complex and changing hierarchy This depends upon the interplay between, on the one hand, competition between interests involved in the provision of such objects and, on the other hand changing class, gender, and generational distinctions of taste within the potential population of visitors It has been said that to be a tourist is one of the characteristics of the “modern experience Not to go away is like not possessing a car or a nice house Travel is a marker of status in modern societies and is also thought to be necessary for good health The role of the professional, therefore, is to cater for the needs and tastes of the tourists in accordance with their class and overall expectations.

Questions 28-32, Tourism Reading Passage IELTS Reading .

Raiding Passage 3 has 6 paragraphs (A-F) Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below Write the appropriate numbers (i-ix) in boxes 28 32 on your answer sheet Paragraph D has been done for you as an example. NB There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them You may use any heading more than once.

• Paragraph A
• Paragraph B
• Paragraph C

Example                                                                                                   Answer

Paragraph D                                                                                                   ix

• Paragraph E
• Paragraph F

Questions 33-37 – T ourism Reading Passage IELTS Reading.

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 33-37 write

YES,  if the statement agrees with the writer

NO, if the statement contradicts the writer

NOT GIVEN, if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

Example                                                                                                                Answer

People who can’t afford to travel watch films and TV.                           NOT GIVEN

• Tourism is a trivial subject.
• An analysis of deviance can act as a model for the analysis of tourism.
• Tourists usually choose to travel overseas.
• Tourists focus more on places they visit than those at home.
• Tour operators try to cheat tourists.

Questions 38-41 – Tourism Reading Passage IELTS Reading.

  Choose one phrase (A-H) from the list of phrases to complete each key point below.

  Write the appropriate letters (A-H) in boxes 38-41 on your answer sheet.

  The information in the completed sentences should be an accurate summary of points made by the writer.

NB There are more phrases A-H than sentences so you will not use them all. You may use any phrase more than once.

38.         Our concept of tourism arises from …

 39.        The media can be used to enhance …

40 .        People view tourist landscapes in a different way from …

41.       Group tours encourage participants to look at …

ANSWERS OF TOURISM IELTS READING PASSAGE.

28           iii

29           v

 30          iv

 31          vii

 32          viii

 33          NO

 34          YES

 35         NOT GIVEN

36           YES

 37         NOT GIVEN

Questions & Answers                         Location of Answers in The text 

 38           D                            “It is one manifestation of how work and leisure are organised as separate and regulated spheres …”

 39           B                          “Such anticipation is constructed and sustained through a variety of non-tourist practices, such as film TV …” 

40            F                          “The viewing of these tourist sites often involves … a much greater sensitivity to visual elements of landscape or townscape than is normally found in daily life .” 

41           H                        “… the mass tourist travels in guided groups and finds pleasure in inauthentic, contrived attractions …”

IELTS READING SAMPLES

FO LLOW US ON YOUTUBE

Related Practise Test

—  Right and left-handedness in humans IELTS READING

  MIGRATORY BEEKEEPING IELTS READING

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Climate change is set to make our holidays look very different – here’s how

Lecturer and Programme Leader, BA International Tourism and Events Management, Glasgow Caledonian University

Disclosure statement

Nick Davies does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

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Holidays are making a comeback after several years of disruption caused by the COVID pandemic. Nearly 4 billion passengers boarded international flights in 2022, up from fewer than 2 billion in 2020. Recent research suggests that people are likely to continue travelling more in 2023 and beyond.

But this resurgence in travel is concerning. The tourism sector alone is responsible for an estimated 8%–10% of global greenhouse gas emissions. And conditions at traditional holiday destinations in high summer are becoming increasingly unpleasant if not downright hazardous .

During the past year, numerous climate records have been broken as heatwaves and wildfires ravaged large parts of Europe, Asia and North America. In July, both Sardinia and Sicily experienced temperatures in excess of 46°C , nearly breaking European records.

Most of what we do while on holiday, particularly on holidays abroad, releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and ultimately has an impact on the climate. But the way most of us get there – by flying – is potentially most damaging. UK data suggests that a single passenger on a short-haul flight, for instance, is responsible for releasing the equivalent of approximately 154g of CO₂ for every kilometre travelled.

As the effects of climate change become increasingly severe, there’s genuine concern that traditional destinations will become too hot in summer to remain appealing to visitors. This raises the question: how will tourism adapt?

Read more: European heatwave: what’s causing it and is climate change to blame?

Changing destinations

Researchers have been trying to predict the future of tourism for quite some time. One idea is that tourism will undergo a “ poleward shift ” as global warming causes temperatures to rise not only in traditionally hot regions, but also in locations further to the north and south.

A modelling study from 2007 predicted that, by 2050, hotter weather would make popular tourist hotspots like the Mediterranean less appealing in the summer. At the same time, northern destinations such as Scandinavia and the UK would experience longer holiday seasons.

Approximately half of global tourism is concentrated in coastal areas. So another concern is the potential loss of beaches due to rising sea levels. In the Caribbean, an estimated 29% of resort properties would be partially or fully inundated by one metre of sea-level rise – though many of these resorts would have lost a significant amount of their beach area before this.

Some other beach destinations are potentially even more vulnerable. Sardinia was hit by disruptive storms in 2022. Research suggests that the beaches there may struggle to accommodate tourists in the near future due to a greater risk of flooding and storms.

The impact of climate change on tourism will extend beyond just coastal areas. Many popular city break destinations, including Porto in Portugal, are expecting to endure more severe heat. Tourism in mountainous areas will be affected, too, as accelerated snow melt leads to shorter ski seasons.

The practicalities of tourism shifting

Changing conditions will affect where humans can safely travel to. But travel patterns take time to evolve. In the meantime, established destinations will need to change to withstand challenges such as extreme heat, rising sea levels and other climatic conditions.

Existing tourist destinations in areas of the world that are vulnerable to the effects of climate change, such as the Nile Delta in Egypt, are already considering ways to adapt . These include building seawalls and natural dunes to protect tourist areas from coastal flooding. Changing construction materials and reconfiguring urban spaces to improve ventilation have also been proposed as ways to reduce reliance on expensive and energy-intensive air-conditioning.

New destinations that begin to emerge in more temperate regions will require substantial infrastructure development to support the influx of visitors. This includes transport systems, accommodation, dining options and attractions. The process of establishing tourist destinations typically takes time and requires careful thought.

Barcelona, for example, has experienced a rapid surge in tourism demand since the 1992 Olympics. This has resulted in a tenfold increase in visitors over the past three decades.

Such rapid tourism development can put a strain on local people and the environment. Although Barcelona already had a transport system and some infrastructure to accommodate visitors, the rapid growth in tourism has led to strong opposition from local residents.

Read more: Instagram is making you a worse tourist – here's how to travel respectfully

What will happen next year?

The current thinking among tourism academics is that those responsible for managing tourist destinations should work towards reducing carbon emissions by focusing on the domestic market.

But, as recent summers have shown, international tourism does not look set to slow down yet. Even amid crises such as the fires burning through Rhodes in summer 2023, tourists continued to arrive .

Rather than choose different destinations, the most likely scenario – at least in the short-term – is that tourists themselves will adapt to the effects of climate change. During Europe’s summer 2023 heatwave, there were reports that people were staying in their hotel rooms in the hottest part of the day and taking sightseeing trips in the evening.

Nevertheless, there are some signs that travellers may be starting to worry about more extreme weather conditions and adapt their travel plans accordingly. A survey conducted in May 2023 showed that 69% of Europeans planned to travel between June and November – a fall of 4% compared to 2022.

The heatwave of summer 2023 might mean that tourists start looking for cooler destinations as early as the coming year.

The evolving landscape of global tourism in the face of climate change is complex. What is clear, though, is that if Europe continues to experience extreme weather conditions like the summer of 2023, many people will think twice about booking their place in the sun.

Don’t have time to read about climate change as much as you’d like? Get a weekly roundup in your inbox instead. Every Wednesday, The Conversation’s environment editor writes Imagine, a short email that goes a little deeper into just one climate issue. Join the 20,000+ readers who’ve subscribed so far.

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IELTS Reading Test 32

Right and left-handedness in humans

Why do humans, virtually alone among all animal species, display a distinct left or right-handedness? Not even our closest relatives among the apes possess such decided lateral asymmetry, as psychologists call it. Yet about 90 per cent of every human population that has ever lived appears to have been right-handed. Professor Bryan Turner at Deakin University has studied the research literature on left-handedness and found that handedness goes with sidedness. So nine out of ten people are right-handed and eight are right-footed. He noted that this distinctive asymmetry in the human population is itself systematic. “Humans think in categories: black and white, up and down, left and right. It’s a system of signs that enables us to categorise phenomena that are essentially ambiguous.’

Research has shown that there is a genetic or inherited element to handedness. But while left-handedness tends to run in families, neither left nor right handers will automatically produce off-spring with the same handedness; in fact about 6 per cent of children with two right-handed parents will be left-handed. However, among two left-handed parents, perhaps 40 per cent of the children will also be left-handed. With one right and one left-handed parent, 15 to 20 per cent of the offspring will be left- handed. Even among identical twins who have exactly the same genes, one in six pairs will differ in their handedness.

What then makes people left-handed if it is not simply genetic? Other factors must be at work and researchers have turned to the brain for clues. In the 1860s the French surgeon and anthropologist, Dr Paul Broca, made the remarkable finding that patients who had lost their powers of speech as a result of a stroke (a blood clot in the brain) had paralysis of the right half of their body. He noted that since the left hemisphere of the brain controls the right half of the body, and vice versa, the brain damage must have been in the brain’s left hemisphere. Psychologists now believe that among right-handed people, probably 95 per cent have their language centre in the left hemisphere, while 5 per cent have right-side language. Left-handers, however, do not show the reverse pattern but instead a majority also have their language in the left hemisphere. Some 30 per cent have right hemisphere language.

Dr Brinkman, a brain researcher at the Australian National University in Canberra, has suggested that evolution of speech went with right-handed preference. According to Brinkman, as the brain evolved, one side became specialised for fine control of movement (necessary for producing speech) and along with this evolution came right- hand preference. According to Brinkman, most left-handers have left hemisphere dominance but also some capacity in the right hemisphere. She has observed that if a left-handed person is brain-damaged in the left hemisphere, the recovery of speech is quite often better and this is explained by the fact that left-handers have a more bilateral speech function.

In her studies of macaque monkeys, Brinkman has noticed that primates (monkeys) seem to learn a hand preference from their mother in the first year of life but this could be one hand or the other. In humans, however, the specialisation in (unction of the two hemispheres results in anatomical differences: areas that are involved with the production of speech are usually larger on the left side than on the right. Since monkeys have not acquired the art of speech, one would not expect to see such a variation but Brinkman claims to have discovered a trend in monkeys towards the asymmetry that is evident in the human brain.

Two American researchers, Geschwind and Galaburda, studied the brains of human embryos and discovered that the left-right asymmetry exists before birth. But as the brain develops, a number of things can affect it. Every brain is initially female in its organisation and it only becomes a male brain when the male foetus begins to secrete hormones. Geschwind and Galaburda knew that different parts of the brain mature at different rates; the right hemisphere develops first, then the left. Moreover, a girl’s brain develops somewhat faster than that of a boy. So, if something happens to the brain’s development during pregnancy, it is more likely to be affected in a male and the hemisphere more likely to be involved is the left. The brain may become less lateralised and this in turn could result in left-handedness and the development of certain superior skills that have their origins in the left hemisphere such as logic, rationality and abstraction. It should be no surprise then that among mathematicians and architects, left-handers tend to be more common and there are more left-handed males than females.

The results of this research may be some consolation to left-handers who have for centuries lived in a world designed to suit right-handed people. However, what is alarming, according to Mr. Charles Moore, a writer and journalist, is the way the word “right” reinforces its own virtue. Subliminally he says, language tells people to think that anything on the right can be trusted while anything on the left is dangerous or even sinister. We speak of left-handed compliments and according to Moore, “it is no coincidence that left-handed children, forced to use their right hand, often develop a stammer as they are robbed of their freedom of speech”. However, as more research is undertaken on the causes of left-handedness, attitudes towards left-handed people are gradually changing for the better. Indeed when the champion tennis player Ivan Lendl was asked what the single thing was that he would choose in order to improve his game, he said he would like to become a left-hander.

Questions 1-7

Use the information in the text to match the people (listed A-E) with the opinions (listed 1-7) below. Write the appropriate letter (A-E) in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet. Some people match more than one opinion.

A Dr Broca B Dr Brinkman C Geschwind and Galaburda D Charles Moore E Professor Turner

1 Human beings started to show a preference for right-handedness when they first developed language. 2 Society is prejudiced against left-handed people. 3 Boys are more likely to be left-handed. 4 After a stroke, left-handed people recover their speech more quickly than right-handed people. 5 People who suffer strokes on the left side of the brain usually lose their power of speech. 6 The two sides of the brain develop different functions before birth. 7 Asymmetry is a common feature of the human body.

Questions 8-10 Using the information in the passage, complete the table below. Write your answers in boxes 8-10 on your answer sheet.

Questions 11 and 12 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 11 and 12 on your answer sheet.

11 A study of monkeys has shown that A monkeys are not usually right-handed B monkeys display a capacity for speech C monkey brains are smaller than human brains D monkey brains are asymmetric

12 According to the writer, left-handed people A will often develop a stammer B have undergone hardship for years C are untrustworthy D are good tennis players

Cambridge IELTS Test 1 to 17

MIGRATORY BEEKEEPING

Of the 2,000 commercial beekeepers in the United States about half migrate This pays off in two ways moving north in the summer and south in the winter lets bees work a longer blooming season, making more honey — and money — for their keepers. Second, beekeepers can carry their hives to farmers who need bees to pollinate their crops. Every spring a migratory beekeeper in California may move up to 160 million bees to flowering fields in Minnesota and every winter his family may haul the hives back to California, where farmers will rent the bees to pollinate almond and cherry trees.

Migratory beekeeping is nothing new. The ancient Egyptians moved clay hives, probably on rafts, down the Nile to follow the bloom and nectar flow as it moved toward Cairo. In the 1880s North American beekeepers experimented with the same idea, moving bees on barges along the Mississippi and on waterways in Florida, but their lighter, wooden hives kept falling into the water. Other keepers tried the railroad and horse- drawn wagons, but that didn’t prove practical. Not until the 1920s when cars and trucks became affordable and roads improved, did migratory beekeeping begin to catch on.

For the Californian beekeeper, the pollination season begins in February. At this time, the beehives are in particular demand by farmers who have almond groves; they need two hives an acre. For the three-week long bloom, beekeepers can hire out their hives for $32 each. It’s a bonanza for the bees too. Most people consider almond honey too bitter to eat so the bees get to keep it for themselves.

By early March it is time to move the bees. It can take up to seven nights to pack the 4,000 or so hives that a beekeeper may own. These are not moved in the middle of the day because too many of the bees would end up homeless. But at night, the hives are stacked onto wooden pallets, back-to-back in sets of four, and lifted onto a truck. It is not necessary to wear gloves or a beekeeper’s veil because the hives are not being opened and the bees should remain relatively quiet. Just in case some are still lively, bees can be pacified with a few puffs of smoke blown into each hive’s narrow entrance.

In their new location, the beekeeper will pay the farmer to allow his bees to feed in such places as orange groves. The honey produced here is fragrant and sweet and can be sold by the beekeepers. To encourage the bees to produce as much honey as possible during this period, the beekeepers open the hives and stack extra boxes called supers on top. These temporary hive extensions contain frames of empty comb for the bees to fill with honey. In the brood chamber below, the bees will stash honey to eat later. To prevent the queen from crawling up to the top and laying eggs, a screen can be inserted between the brood chamber and the supers. Three weeks later the honey can be gathered.

Foul smelling chemicals are often used to irritate the bees and drive them down into the hive’s bottom boxes, leaving the honey- filled supers more or less bee free. These can then be pulled off the hive. They are heavy with honey and may weigh up to 90 pounds each. The supers are taken to a warehouse. In the extracting room, the frames are tilted out and lowered into an “uncapper” where rotating blades shave away the wax that covers each cell. The uncapped frames are put in a carousel that sits on the bottom of a large stainless steel drum. The carousel is filled to capacity with 72 frames. A switch is flipped and the frames begin to whirl at 300 revolutions per minute; centrifugal force throws the honey out of the combs. Finally the honey is poured into barrels for shipment.

After this, approximately a quarter of the hives weakened by disease, mites, or an ageing or dead queen, will have to be replaced. To create new colonies, a healthy double hive, teeming with bees, can be separated into two boxes. One half will hold the queen and a young, already mated queen can be put in the other half, to make two hives from one. By the time the flowers bloom, the new queens will be laying eggs, filling each hive with young worker bees. The beekeeper’s family will then migrate with them to their summer location.

Questions 13-19

The steps below outline the movements of the migratory beekeepers as described in the passage. Compete the steps. Choose your answers from the options given below.

Beekeeper Movements

1. In March, beekeepers (13)………………..for migration at night when the hives are (14)……………and the bees are generally tranquil. A little (15)……………can ensure that this is the case.

2. They transport their hives to orange groves where farmers (16)……………beekeepers for placing them on their land. Here the bees make honey.

3. After three weeks, the supers can be taken to a warehouse where (17)……………are used to remove the wax and extract the honey from the (18)……………….

4. After the honey collection, the old hives are rejected. Good double hives are (19)…………….and re-queened and the beekeeper transports to their summer base.

List of words

Smoke                Barrels                  Set-off                   Pollinate                  Combs               Full

Chemicals          Protection             Light                      Machines                Screen                Empty

Pay                    Charge                   Split                       Supers                     Prepare              Queens

Questions 24-27 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 24-27 write.

YES                               if the statement agrees with the information given NO                                 if the statement contradicts the information given NOT GIVEN              if there is no information about this

24 The Egyptians keep bees on the banks of the Nile. 25 First attempts at migratory beekeeping in America were unsuccessful. 26 Bees keep honey for themselves in the bottom of the hive. 27 The honey is spun to make it liquid.

A Tourism, holidaymaking and travel are these days more significant social phenomena than most commentators have considered. On the face of it there could not be a more trivial subject for a book and indeed since social scientists have had considerable difficulty explaining weightier topics such as work or politics it might be thought that they would have great difficulties in accounting for more trivial phenomena such as holidaymaking. However there are interesting parallels with the study of deviance. This involves the investigation of bizarre and idiosyncratic social practices which happen to be defined as deviant in some societies but not necessarily in others. The assumption is that the investigation of deviance can reveal interesting and significant aspects of normal societies It could be said that a similar analysis can be applied to tourism.

B Tourism is a leisure activity which presupposes its opposite namely regulated and organised work. It is one manifestation of how work and leisure are organised as separate and regulated spheres of social practice in modern societies Indeed acting as a tourist is one of the defining characteristics of being modern’ and the popular concept of tourism is that it is organised within particular places and occurs for regularised periods of time. Tourist relationships arise from a movement of people to and their stay in various destinations. This necessarily involves some movement that is the journey and a period of stay in a new place or places. The journey and the stay are by definition outside the normal places of residence and work and are of a short term and temporary nature and there is a clear intention to return “home within a relatively short period of time.

C A substantial proportion of the population of modern societies engages in such tourist practices new socialised forms of provision have developed in order to cope with the mass character of the gazes of tourists as opposed to the individual character of travel. Places are chosen to be visited and be gazed upon because there is an anticipation especially through daydreaming and fantasy of intense pleasures, either on a different scale or involving different senses from those customarily encountered. Such anticipation is constructed and sustained through a variety of non-tourist practices such as films TV literature, magazines records and videos which construct and reinforce this daydreaming.

D Tourists tend to visit features of landscape and townscape which separate them off from everyday experience. Such aspects are viewed because they are taken to be in some sense out of the ordinary. The viewing of these tourist sights often involves different forms of social patterning with a much greater sensitivity to visual elements of landscape or townscape than is normally found in everyday life. People linger over these sights in a way that they would not normally do in their home environment and the vision is objectified or captured through photographs postcards films and so on which enable the memory to be endlessly reproduced and recaptured.

E One of the earliest dissertations on the subject of tourism is Boorstins analysis of the pseudo event (1964) where he argues that contemporary Americans cannot experience reality’ directly but thrive on “pseudo events”. Isolated from the host environment and the local people the mass tourist travels in guided groups and finds pleasure in inauthentic contrived attractions gullibly enjoying the pseudo events and disregarding the real world outside. Over time the images generated of different tourist sights come to constitute a closed self-perpetuating system of illusions which provide the tourist with the basis for selecting and evaluating potential places to visit. Such visits are made says Boorstin, within the “environmental bubble of the familiar American style hotel which insulates the tourist from the strangeness of the host environment.

F To service the burgeoning tourist industry, an array of professionals has developed who attempt to reproduce ever-new objects for the tourist to look at. These objects or places are located in a complex and changing hierarchy. This depends upon the interplay between, on the one hand, competition between interests involved in the provision of such objects and, on the other hand changing class, gender, and generational distinctions of taste within the potential population of visitors. It has been said that to be a tourist is one of the characteristics of the “modern experience. Not to go away is like not possessing a car or a nice house. Travel is a marker of status in modern societies and is also thought to be necessary for good health. The role of the professional, therefore, is to cater for the needs and tastes of the tourists in accordance with their class and overall expectations.

Questions 28-32 Raiding Passage 3 has 6 paragraphs (A-F) Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below Write the appropriate numbers (i-ix) in boxes 28 32 on your answer sheet Paragraph D has been done for you as an example. NB There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them You may use any heading more than once.

List of Headings I The politics of tourism ii The cost of tourism iii Justifying the study of tourism iv Tourism contrasted with travel v The essence of modern tourism vi Tourism versus leisure vii The artificiality of modern tourism viii The role of modern tour guides ix Creating an alternative to the everyday experience

28 Paragraph A 29 Paragraph B 30 Paragraph C 31 Paragraph E 31 Paragraph F

Questions 33-37

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 33-37 write

YES                               if the statement agrees with the writer NO                                 if the statement contradicts the writer NOT GIVEN              if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

33 Tourism is a trivial subject. 34 An analysis of deviance can act as a model for the analysis of tourism. 35 Tourists usually choose to travel overseas. 36 Tourists focus more on places they visit than those at home. 37 Tour operators try to cheat tourists.

Questions 38-40 Chose one phrase (A-H) from the list of phrases to complete each key point below. Write the appropriate letters (A-H) in boxes 38-41 on your answer sheet.

The information in the completed sentences should be an accurate summary of points made by the writer. NB There are more phrases A-H than sentences so you will not use them all. You may use any phrase more than once.

38. Our concept of tourism arises from…………….. 39. The media can be used to enhance……………. 40. People view tourist landscapes in a different way from……………..

List of Phrases A local people and their environment B the expectations of tourists C the phenomena of holidaymaking D the distinction we make between work and leisure E the individual character of travel

Show Answers

1. B 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. E 8. 15-20% 9. 40% 10. 6% 11. D 12. B 13. prepare 14. full 15. smoke 16. charge 17. machines 18. combs 19. split 20. cells/ combs 21. frames 22. screen 23. brood chamber 24. not given 25. yes 26. not given 27. no 28. iii 29. v 30. iv 31. vii 32. viii 33. no 34. yes 35. not given 36. yes 37. not given 38. D 39. B 40. F

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• ĐỀ THI IELTS READING VÀ ĐÁP ÁN - Tourism
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A  Tourism, holidaymaking and travel are these days more significant social phenomena than most commentators have considered. On the face of it, there could not be a more trivial subject for a book. And indeed since social scientists have had considerable difficulty

DỊCH HOÀN THIỆN ĐỀ THI IELTS READING VÀ GIẢI THÍCH ĐÁP ÁN:

 Tourism

A  Tourism, holidaymaking and travel are these days more significant social phenomena than most commentators have considered. On the face of it, there could not be a more trivial subject for a book. And indeed since social scientists have had considerable difficulty explaining weightier topics, such as work or politics, it might be thought that they would have great difficulties in accounting for more trivial phenomena such as holidaymaking. However, there are interesting parallels with the study of deviance. This involves the investigation of bizarre and idiosyncratic social practices which happen to be defined as deviant in some societies but not necessarily in others. The assumption is that the investigation of deviance can reveal interesting and significant aspects of normal societies. It could be said that a similar analysis can be applied to tourism.

Ngày nay, du lịch ( có tổ chức), đi nghỉ mát và du lịch (tự phát) là những hiện tượng xã hội quan trọng hơn hầu hết các hiện tượng mà các nhà bình luận nghĩ đến. Nhìn bề ngoài, không thể có một chủ đề nào tầm thường hơn cho một cuốn sách. Và quả thực, vì các nhà khoa học xã hội đã gặp khó khăn đáng kể trong việc giải thích các chủ đề nặng cân hơn, chẳng hạn như công việc hay chính trị, nên người ta có thể nghĩ rằng họ sẽ gặp khó khăn lớn trong việc giải thích các hiện tượng tầm thường hơn, chẳng hạn như việc đi nghỉ mát. Tuy nhiên, có những điểm tương đồng thú vị với nghiên cứu về sự khác biệt. Nghiên cứu này liên quan đến việc nghiên cứu các hoạt động xã hội kỳ lạ và phá cách vốn tình cờ được định nghĩa là sự khác biệt ở một số xã hội nhưng không nhất thiết là khác biệt ở những xã hội khác. Giả định là việc nghiên cứu sự khác biệt có thể tiết lộ những khía cạnh thú vị và quan trọng của các xã hội bình thường. Thì có thể nói rằng một phân tích tương tự có thể được áp dụng cho du lịch. B  Tourism is a leisure activity which presupposes its opposite, namely regulated and organised work. It is one manifestation of how work and leisure are organised as separate and regulated spheres of social practice in modern societies. Indeed acting as a tourist is one of the defining characteristics of being ‘modern’ and the popular concept of tourism is that it is organised within particular places and occurs for regularised periods of time. Tourist relationships arise from a movement of people to, and their stay in, various destinations. This necessarily involves some movement, that is the journey and a period of stay in a new place or places. ‘The journey and the stay’ are by definition outside the normal places of residence and work and are of a short-term and temporary nature and there is a clear intention to return ‘home’ within a relatively short period of time.

Du lịch là một hoạt động giải trí mà luôn giả định điều ngược lại của nó cụ thể là công việc có tổ chức và quy củ. Nó là một biểu hiện về cách thức tổ chức công việc và giải trí như những phạm vi tách biệt và có quy định của thực tiễn xã hội trong các xã hội hiện đại. Thật vậy, hành động như một khách du lịch là một trong những đặc điểm xác định là 'hiện đại' và khái niệm phổ biến về du lịch là nó được tổ chức ở những địa điểm cụ thể và diễn ra trong một khoảng thời gian nhất định. Các mối quan hệ trong du lịch phát sinh từ sự di chuyển của mọi người đến các điểm đến khác nhau và sự lưu trú tại đó. Điều này dĩ nhiên liên quan đến một số hoạt động, đó là hành trình và thời gian lưu trú ở một hoặc nhiều địa điểm mới. 'Hành trình và lưu trú' theo định nghĩa là bên ngoài nơi cư trú và làm việc bình thường và có tính chất ngắn hạn, tạm thời và có mục đích rõ ràng là trở về 'nhà' trong một khoảng thời gian tương đối ngắn.

C  A substantial proportion of the population of modern societies engages in such tourist practices, new socialised forms of provision have developed in order to cope with the mass character of the gazes of tourists as opposed to the individual character of travel. Places are chosen to be visited and be gazed upon because there is an anticipation especially through daydreaming and fantasy of intense pleasures, either on a different scale or involving different senses from those customarily encountered. Such anticipation is constructed and sustained through a variety of non-tourist practices such as films, TV literature, magazines records and videos which construct and reinforce this daydreaming.

Một tỷ lệ đáng kể dân số của các xã hội hiện đại tham gia vào các hoạt động du lịch như vậy, các hình thức cung cấp mang tính xã hội hóa mới mẻ đã phát triển để giải quyết tính chất đại chúng về thị hiếu của khách du lịch thay vì tính chất lẻ tẻ của du lịch tự phát. Các địa điểm được chọn để tham quan và ngắm nhìn bởi vì có một dự đoán đặc biệt là thông qua mơ mộng và tưởng tượng về những thú vui cực độ, trong một quy mô khác hoặc liên quan đến các cảm giác khác với những cảm giác thường gặp. Dự đoán như vậy được xây dựng và duy trì thông qua nhiều hoạt động phi du lịch như phim ảnh, tài liệu truyền hình, tạp chí và video nhằm xây dựng và củng cố sự mơ mộng này.

“As opposed to” là một thành ngữ mang ý nghĩa “hơn là, thay vì, trái ngược D  Tourists tend to visit features of landscape and townscape which separate them off from everyday experience. Such aspects are viewed because they are taken to be in some sense out of the ordinary. The viewing of these tourist sights often involves different forms of social patterning with a much greater sensitivity to visual elements of landscape or townscape than is normally found in everyday life. People linger over these sights in a way that they would not normally do in their home environment and the vision is objectified or captured through photographs, postcards, films, and so on which enable the memory to be endlessly reproduced and recaptured.

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E  One of the earliest dissertations on the subject of tourism is Boorstins analysis of the pseudo-event (1964) where he argues that contemporary. Americans cannot experience reality directly but thrive on pseudo-events. Isolated from the host environment and the local people the mass tourist travels in guided groups and finds pleasure in inauthentic contrived attractions gullibly enjoying the pseudo events and disregarding the real world outside. Over time the images generated of different tourist sights come to constitute a closed self-perpetuating system of illusions which provide the tourist with the basis for selecting and evaluating potential places to visit. Such visits are made says Boorstin, within the environmental bubble of the familiar American-style hotel which insulates the tourist from the strangeness of the host environment.

F  To service the burgeoning tourist industry, an array of professionals has developed who attempt to reproduce ever-new objects for the tourist to look at. These objects or places are located in a complex and changing hierarchy. This depends upon the interplay between, on the one hand, competition between interests involved in the provision of such objects and, on the other hand changing class, gender, and generational distinctions of taste within the potential population of visitors. It has been said that to be a tourist is one of the characteristics of the modern experience. Not to go away is like not possessing a car or a nice house. Travel is a marker of status in modern societies and is also thought to be necessary for good health. The role of the professional, therefore, is to cater for the needs and tastes of the tourists in accordance with their class and overall expectations.

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 Questions 28-32

Raiding Passage 35 has 6 paragraphs (A-F). Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below Write the appropriate numbers (i-ix) in boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet.

Paragraph D has been done for you as an example. NB. There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them You may use any heading more than once.

28. Paragraph A 29. Paragraph B 30. Paragraph C

31. Paragraph E 32. Paragraph F

Questions 33-37 Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 35? In boxes 33-37 write :

YES if the statement agrees with the writer NO if the statement contradicts the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

33. Tourism is a trivial subject. 34. An analysis of deviance can act as a model for the analysis of tourism. 35. Tourists usually choose to travel overseas. 36. Tourists focus more on places they visit than those at home. 37. Tour operators try to cheat tourists.

Questions 38-41 Chose one phrase ( A-H ) from the list of phrases to complete each key point below. Write the appropriate letters ( A-H ) in boxes 38-41 on your answer sheet. The information in the completed sentences should be an accurate summary of points made by the writer. NB There are more phrases A-H than sentences so you will not use them all. You may use any phrase more than once.

38. Our concept of tourism arises from ....... 39. The media can be used to enhance ....... 40. People view tourist landscapes in a different way from ....... 41. Group tours encourage participants to look at .......

ĐÁP ÁN, GIẢI CHI TIẾT và DỊCH HOÀN THIỆN ĐỀ THI IELTS READING:

Questions 28-32 Raiding Passage 35 has 6 paragraphs (A-F). Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below Write the appropriate numbers (i-ix) in boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet.

28.   Paragraph  A/  iii   Justifying the study of tourism

Giải thích:

The assumption is that the investigation of deviance can reveal interesting and significant aspects of normal societies. It could be said that a similar analysis can be applied to tourism.

29.   Paragraph  B/  v    The essence of modern tourism

Indeed acting as a tourist is one of the defining characteristics of being ‘modern’ and the popular concept of tourism is that it is organised within particular places and occurs for regularised periods of time. 

          YES                 if the statement agrees with the writer           NO                  if the statement contradicts the writer           NOT GIVEN   if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

33.N  Tourism is a trivial subject.

Du lịch là một chủ đề tầm thường

Giải thích: đoạn A

Tourism, holidaymaking and travel are these days more significant social phenomena than most commentators have considered. On the face of it, there could not be a more trivial subject for a book. And indeed since social scientists have had considerable difficulty explaining weightier topics, such as work or politics, it might be thought that they would have great difficulties in accounting for more trivial phenomena such as holidaymaking.

34.Y  An analysis of deviance can act as a model for the analysis of tourism.

Một phân tích về sự lệch lạc có thể đóng vai trò như là kiểu mẫu cho phân tích về du lịch

35.NG  Tourists usually choose to travel overseas.

Khách du lịch thường chọn đi du lịch nước ngoài

Giải thích: không có thông tin

Answer: 28 iii 29 v 30 iv 31 vii 32 viii 33 NO 34 YES 35 NOT GIVEN 36 YES 37 NOT GIVEN 38 D 39 B 40 F 41 H

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Planning to visit Greece soon? These new taxes on tourists could spoil your holiday mood

Greece received a record 36.1 million visitors in 2023, while arrivals rose 16% to 11.6 million in the first half of 2024, according to the latest data from the bank of greece. the tourism sector contributes about 20% to the economy, making it vital to the health of the nation.

All passengers arriving at Greek ports will pay a fee, and the charge will be greater in the popular tourism islands of Santorini and Mykonos. A lodging tax for the April-to-October period also will be increased, with revenue benefiting local communities.

Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis announced measures aimed at addressing the negative impact of overtourism as visitors continue to arrive in record numbers in the post-pandemic era.

The government has been “very concerned” about an influx of cruise passengers during certain months of the year and will begin charging fees, Mitsotakis said Saturday during his annual speech at the Thessaloniki International Fair. It will also increase a tax related to the climate-crisis on accommodation.

Greece received a record 36.1 million visitors in 2023, while arrivals rose 16% to 11.6 million in the first half of 2024, according to the latest data from the Bank of Greece. The tourism sector contributes about 20% to the economy, making it vital to the health of the nation.

The country will also expand its so-called “Golden Visa” program to investors who are willing to put at least €250,000 ($277,000) into local startups. Foreigners were previously required to buy property to acquire the visa.

Related stories

Mitsotakis reiterated concern that parts of Greece face the problem of “overtourism.” In an interview with Bloomberg in June, he announced plans to restrict cruise ships visiting the country’s most popular islands from 2025.

Short-term rentals have been blamed for fueling the country’s housing crisis, which along with high consumer prices has been at the center of recent political debate.

The government will ban any new short-term leasing for at least one year in three main parts of Athens, Mitsotakis said. Property owners who change leases from short-term to long-term won’t have to pay rental tax for three years, as will owners who decide to rent their homes instead of keeping them off the market, he said.

Holiday rentals increased an annual average of 28% from 2019 to 2023, while available short-term rentals doubled in the same period. Meanwhile, hotel accommodation rose just 3.5% in that period, according to data published in a Grant Thornton report for the country’s Chamber of Hotels released this week.

The government will also begin a new €2 billion program that will be used to reduce interest-rate costs for mortgage loans.

More Measures

Mitsotakis on Saturday also revealed a number of measures aimed at easing the cost of living, including a reduction in social insurance contributions by 1 percentage point in 2025 instead of a previous plan for a 0.5 point cut.

The premier also announced, among others:

-A 2.2%-to-2.5% increase in around 2 million pensions from Jan. 1. -An increase in minimum wages beginning in April -An increase in public sector wages, especially to doctors, firefighters and workers in the army and policy forces. -Various tax reliefs to help the self-employed, farmers and others -Changes to unemployment benefits

“I don’t have a sack of reckless spending today,” he said. “Our spending for 2025 is well balanced.”

Greece has already pledged to meet a budget primary surplus — an index that shows revenue minus spending excluding interest payments — of 2.1% of GDP for both 2024 and 2025, up from 1.9% in 2023.

Fiscal discipline is one of the most important criteria for financial markets, and the country’s recent prudent budget path was one of the drivers for ratings companies to return Greece to the investment grade zone in 2023 after 13 years at junk status.

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IELTS Reading Test 32

• Acad. reading

Right and left-handedness in humans

Why do humans, virtually alone among all animal species, display a distinct left or right-handedness? Not even our closest relatives among the apes possess such decided lateral asymmetry, as psychologists call it. Yet about 90 per cent of every human population that has ever lived appears to have been right-handed. Professor Bryan Turner at Deakin University has studied the research literature on left-handedness and found that handedness goes with sidedness. So nine out of ten people are right-handed and eight are right-footed. He noted that this distinctive asymmetry in the human population is itself systematic. “Humans think in categories: black and white, up and down, left and right. It’s a system of signs that enables us to categorise phenomena that are essentially ambiguous.’

Research has shown that there is a genetic or inherited element to handedness. But while left-handedness tends to run in families, neither left nor right handers will automatically produce off-spring with the same handedness; in fact about 6 per cent of children with two right-handed parents will be left-handed. However, among two left-handed parents, perhaps 40 per cent of the children will also be left-handed. With one right and one left-handed parent, 15 to 20 per cent of the offspring will be left- handed. Even among identical twins who have exactly the same genes, one in six pairs will differ in their handedness.

What then makes people left-handed if it is not simply genetic? Other factors must be at work and researchers have turned to the brain for clues. In the 1860s the French surgeon and anthropologist, Dr Paul Broca, made the remarkable finding that patients who had lost their powers of speech as a result of a stroke (a blood clot in the brain) had paralysis of the right half of their body. He noted that since the left hemisphere of the brain controls the right half of the body, and vice versa, the brain damage must have been in the brain’s left hemisphere. Psychologists now believe that among right-handed people, probably 95 per cent have their language centre in the left hemisphere, while 5 per cent have right-side language. Left-handers, however, do not show the reverse pattern but instead a majority also have their language in the left hemisphere. Some 30 per cent have right hemisphere language.

Dr Brinkman, a brain researcher at the Australian National University in Canberra, has suggested that evolution of speech went with right-handed preference. According to Brinkman, as the brain evolved, one side became specialised for fine control of movement (necessary for producing speech) and along with this evolution came right- hand preference. According to Brinkman, most left-handers have left hemisphere dominance but also some capacity in the right hemisphere. She has observed that if a left-handed person is brain-damaged in the left hemisphere, the recovery of speech is quite often better and this is explained by the fact that left-handers have a more bilateral speech function.

In her studies of macaque monkeys, Brinkman has noticed that primates (monkeys) seem to learn a hand preference from their mother in the first year of life but this could be one hand or the other. In humans, however, the specialisation in (unction of the two hemispheres results in anatomical differences: areas that are involved with the production of speech are usually larger on the left side than on the right. Since monkeys have not acquired the art of speech, one would not expect to see such a variation but Brinkman claims to have discovered a trend in monkeys towards the asymmetry that is evident in the human brain.

Two American researchers, Geschwind and Galaburda, studied the brains of human embryos and discovered that the left-right asymmetry exists before birth. But as the brain develops, a number of things can affect it. Every brain is initially female in its organisation and it only becomes a male brain when the male foetus begins to secrete hormones. Geschwind and Galaburda knew that different parts of the brain mature at different rates; the right hemisphere develops first, then the left. Moreover, a girl’s brain develops somewhat faster than that of a boy. So, if something happens to the brain’s development during pregnancy, it is more likely to be affected in a male and the hemisphere more likely to be involved is the left. The brain may become less lateralised and this in turn could result in left-handedness and the development of certain superior skills that have their origins in the left hemisphere such as logic, rationality and abstraction. It should be no surprise then that among mathematicians and architects, left-handers tend to be more common and there are more left-handed males than females.

The results of this research may be some consolation to left-handers who have for centuries lived in a world designed to suit right-handed people. However, what is alarming, according to Mr. Charles Moore, a writer and journalist, is the way the word “right” reinforces its own virtue. Subliminally he says, language tells people to think that anything on the right can be trusted while anything on the left is dangerous or even sinister. We speak of left-handed compliments and according to Moore, “it is no coincidence that left-handed children, forced to use their right hand, often develop a stammer as they are robbed of their freedom of speech”. However, as more research is undertaken on the causes of left-handedness, attitudes towards left-handed people are gradually changing for the better. Indeed when the champion tennis player Ivan Lendl was asked what the single thing was that he would choose in order to improve his game, he said he would like to become a left-hander.

Questions 1-7

Use the information in the text to match the people (listed A-E) with the opinions (listed 1-7) below. Write the appropriate letter (A-E) in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet. Some people match more than one opinion.

A Dr Broca B Dr Brinkman C Geschwind and Galaburda D Charles Moore E Professor Turner

1 Human beings started to show a preference for right-handedness when they first developed language. 2 Society is prejudiced against left-handed people. 3 Boys are more likely to be left-handed. 4 After a stroke, left-handed people recover their speech more quickly than right-handed people. 5 People who suffer strokes on the left side of the brain usually lose their power of speech. 6 The two sides of the brain develop different functions before birth. 7 Asymmetry is a common feature of the human body.

Questions 11 and 12 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 11 and 12 on your answer sheet.

11 A study of monkeys has shown that A monkeys are not usually right-handed B monkeys display a capacity for speech C monkey brains are smaller than human brains D monkey brains are asymmetric

12 According to the writer, left-handed people A will often develop a stammer B have undergone hardship for years C are untrustworthy D are good tennis players

MIGRATORY BEEKEEPING

Of the 2,000 commercial beekeepers in the United States about half migrate This pays off in two ways moving north in the summer and south in the winter lets bees work a longer blooming season, making more honey — and money — for their keepers. Second, beekeepers can carry their hives to farmers who need bees to pollinate their crops. Every spring a migratory beekeeper in California may move up to 160 million bees to flowering fields in Minnesota and every winter his family may haul the hives back to California, where farmers will rent the bees to pollinate almond and cherry trees.

Migratory beekeeping is nothing new. The ancient Egyptians moved clay hives, probably on rafts, down the Nile to follow the bloom and nectar flow as it moved toward Cairo. In the 1880s North American beekeepers experimented with the same idea, moving bees on barges along the Mississippi and on waterways in Florida, but their lighter, wooden hives kept falling into the water. Other keepers tried the railroad and horse- drawn wagons, but that didn’t prove practical. Not until the 1920s when cars and trucks became affordable and roads improved, did migratory beekeeping begin to catch on.

For the Californian beekeeper, the pollination season begins in February. At this time, the beehives are in particular demand by farmers who have almond groves; they need two hives an acre. For the three-week long bloom, beekeepers can hire out their hives for $32 each. It’s a bonanza for the bees too. Most people consider almond honey too bitter to eat so the bees get to keep it for themselves.

By early March it is time to move the bees. It can take up to seven nights to pack the 4,000 or so hives that a beekeeper may own. These are not moved in the middle of the day because too many of the bees would end up homeless. But at night, the hives are stacked onto wooden pallets, back-to-back in sets of four, and lifted onto a truck. It is not necessary to wear gloves or a beekeeper’s veil because the hives are not being opened and the bees should remain relatively quiet. Just in case some are still lively, bees can be pacified with a few puffs of smoke blown into each hive’s narrow entrance.

In their new location, the beekeeper will pay the farmer to allow his bees to feed in such places as orange groves. The honey produced here is fragrant and sweet and can be sold by the beekeepers. To encourage the bees to produce as much honey as possible during this period, the beekeepers open the hives and stack extra boxes called supers on top. These temporary hive extensions contain frames of empty comb for the bees to fill with honey. In the brood chamber below, the bees will stash honey to eat later. To prevent the queen from crawling up to the top and laying eggs, a screen can be inserted between the brood chamber and the supers. Three weeks later the honey can be gathered.

Foul smelling chemicals are often used to irritate the bees and drive them down into the hive’s bottom boxes, leaving the honey- filled supers more or less bee free. These can then be pulled off the hive. They are heavy with honey and may weigh up to 90 pounds each. The supers are taken to a warehouse. In the extracting room, the frames are tilted out and lowered into an “uncapper” where rotating blades shave away the wax that covers each cell. The uncapped frames are put in a carousel that sits on the bottom of a large stainless steel drum. The carousel is filled to capacity with 72 frames. A switch is flipped and the frames begin to whirl at 300 revolutions per minute; centrifugal force throws the honey out of the combs. Finally the honey is poured into barrels for shipment.

After this, approximately a quarter of the hives weakened by disease, mites, or an ageing or dead queen, will have to be replaced. To create new colonies, a healthy double hive, teeming with bees, can be separated into two boxes. One half will hold the queen and a young, already mated queen can be put in the other half, to make two hives from one. By the time the flowers bloom, the new queens will be laying eggs, filling each hive with young worker bees. The beekeeper’s family will then migrate with them to their summer location.

Questions 24-27 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 24-27 write.

YES                               if the statement agrees with the information given NO                                 if the statement contradicts the information given NOT GIVEN              if there is no information about this

24 The Egyptians keep bees on the banks of the Nile. 25 First attempts at migratory beekeeping in America were unsuccessful. 26 Bees keep honey for themselves in the bottom of the hive. 27 The honey is spun to make it liquid.

A Tourism, holidaymaking and travel are these days more significant social phenomena than most commentators have considered. On the face of it there could not be a more trivial subject for a book and indeed since social scientists have had considerable difficulty explaining weightier topics such as work or politics it might be thought that they would have great difficulties in accounting for more trivial phenomena such as holidaymaking. However there are interesting parallels with the study of deviance. This involves the investigation of bizarre and idiosyncratic social practices which happen to be defined as deviant in some societies but not necessarily in others. The assumption is that the investigation of deviance can reveal interesting and significant aspects of normal societies It could be said that a similar analysis can be applied to tourism.

B Tourism is a leisure activity which presupposes its opposite namely regulated and organised work. It is one manifestation of how work and leisure are organised as separate and regulated spheres of social practice in modern societies Indeed acting as a tourist is one of the defining characteristics of being modern’ and the popular concept of tourism is that it is organised within particular places and occurs for regularised periods of time. Tourist relationships arise from a movement of people to and their stay in various destinations. This necessarily involves some movement that is the journey and a period of stay in a new place or places. The journey and the stay are by definition outside the normal places of residence and work and are of a short term and temporary nature and there is a clear intention to return “home within a relatively short period of time.

C A substantial proportion of the population of modern societies engages in such tourist practices new socialised forms of provision have developed in order to cope with the mass character of the gazes of tourists as opposed to the individual character of travel. Places are chosen to be visited and be gazed upon because there is an anticipation especially through daydreaming and fantasy of intense pleasures, either on a different scale or involving different senses from those customarily encountered. Such anticipation is constructed and sustained through a variety of non-tourist practices such as films TV literature, magazines records and videos which construct and reinforce this daydreaming.

D Tourists tend to visit features of landscape and townscape which separate them off from everyday experience. Such aspects are viewed because they are taken to be in some sense out of the ordinary. The viewing of these tourist sights often involves different forms of social patterning with a much greater sensitivity to visual elements of landscape or townscape than is normally found in everyday life. People linger over these sights in a way that they would not normally do in their home environment and the vision is objectified or captured through photographs postcards films and so on which enable the memory to be endlessly reproduced and recaptured.

E One of the earliest dissertations on the subject of tourism is Boorstins analysis of the pseudo event (1964) where he argues that contemporary Americans cannot experience reality’ directly but thrive on “pseudo events”. Isolated from the host environment and the local people the mass tourist travels in guided groups and finds pleasure in inauthentic contrived attractions gullibly enjoying the pseudo events and disregarding the real world outside. Over time the images generated of different tourist sights come to constitute a closed self-perpetuating system of illusions which provide the tourist with the basis for selecting and evaluating potential places to visit. Such visits are made says Boorstin, within the “environmental bubble of the familiar American style hotel which insulates the tourist from the strangeness of the host environment.

F To service the burgeoning tourist industry, an array of professionals has developed who attempt to reproduce ever-new objects for the tourist to look at. These objects or places are located in a complex and changing hierarchy. This depends upon the interplay between, on the one hand, competition between interests involved in the provision of such objects and, on the other hand changing class, gender, and generational distinctions of taste within the potential population of visitors. It has been said that to be a tourist is one of the characteristics of the “modern experience. Not to go away is like not possessing a car or a nice house. Travel is a marker of status in modern societies and is also thought to be necessary for good health. The role of the professional, therefore, is to cater for the needs and tastes of the tourists in accordance with their class and overall expectations.

Questions 28-32 Raiding Passage 3 has 6 paragraphs (A-F) Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below Write the appropriate numbers (i-ix) in boxes 28 32 on your answer sheet Paragraph D has been done for you as an example. NB There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them You may use any heading more than once.

List of Headings I The politics of tourism ii The cost of tourism iii Justifying the study of tourism iv Tourism contrasted with travel v The essence of modern tourism vi Tourism versus leisure vii The artificiality of modern tourism viii The role of modern tour guides ix Creating an alternative to the everyday experience

28 Paragraph A 29 Paragraph B 30 Paragraph C 31 Paragraph E 31 Paragraph F

Questions 33-37

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 33-37 write

YES                               if the statement agrees with the writer NO                                 if the statement contradicts the writer NOT GIVEN              if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

33 Tourism is a trivial subject. 34 An analysis of deviance can act as a model for the analysis of tourism. 35 Tourists usually choose to travel overseas. 36 Tourists focus more on places they visit than those at home. 37 Tour operators try to cheat tourists.

Questions 38-40 Chose one phrase (A-H) from the list of phrases to complete each key point below. Write the appropriate letters (A-H) in boxes 38-41 on your answer sheet.

The information in the completed sentences should be an accurate summary of points made by the writer. NB There are more phrases A-H than sentences so you will not use them all. You may use any phrase more than once.

38 Our concept of tourism arises from…………….. 39 The media can be used to enhance……………. 40 People view tourist landscapes in a different way from……………..

List of Phrases A local people and their environment B the expectations of tourists C the phenomena of holidaymaking D the distinction we make between work and leisure E the individual character of travel

Show answers

1. B 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. E 8. 15-20% 9. 40% 10. 6% 11. D 12. B 13. prepare 14. full 15. smoke 16. charge 17. machines 18. combs 19. split 20. cells/ combs 21. frames 22. screen 23. brood chamber 24. not given 25. yes 26. not given 27. no 28. iii 29. v 30. iv 31. vii 32. viii 33. no 34. yes 35. not given 36. yes 37. not given 38. D 39. B 40. F

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